A 6-year-old child is admitted to the pediatric unit with varicella (chickenpox). The child has vesicular lesions in various stages of healing on the face, trunk, and extremities. Which nursing intervention is the priority for this child?
1Apply topical antibiotics to all lesions to prevent secondary bacterial infection
2Implement strict isolation precautions to prevent transmission to other patients and staff✓ 정답
3Administer aspirin for fever reduction and comfort management
4Encourage the child to scratch lesions gently to promote faster healing
해설
Varicella is highly contagious and requires strict isolation precautions to prevent transmission through airborne and contact routes. Other options are incorrect: topical antibiotics are not routine, aspirin is contraindicated due to Reye's syndrome risk, and scratching should be discouraged.
Understanding Varicella Transmission and Priority Nursing Action
When a child is admitted with varicella, the immediate clinical concern extends beyond the individual patient's skin lesions to the broader safety of the healthcare environment. Varicella zoster virus (VZV), the etiologic agent, is highly contagious and spreads via airborne droplets and direct contact with vesicular fluid [1]. The priority nursing intervention is therefore to implement strict isolation precautions to prevent transmission to other patients and staff.
Why Other Interventions Are Incorrect or Lower Priority
- Applying topical antibiotics to all lesions is not a standard or primary intervention for uncomplicated varicella. The rash is viral in origin, and while secondary bacterial infection of excoriated lesions can occur, routine prophylactic topical antibiotics are not indicated and do not address the primary risk of viral transmission.
- Administering aspirin to a child with a viral illness, particularly varicella, is strictly contraindicated due to the strong association with Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal condition causing acute encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunction. Antipyretics such as acetaminophen are used instead.
- Encouraging scratching is harmful advice. Scratching disrupts the skin barrier, directly increasing the risk of secondary bacterial infections and potentially leading to long-term scarring. Management focuses on relieving pruritus with agents like calamine lotion and oral antihistamines, along with keeping fingernails short.
The Evidence for Airborne and Contact Precautions
The rationale for prioritizing isolation is firmly rooted in the virus's transmission dynamics and documented nosocomial outbreaks. VZV is capable of causing hospital-acquired infections, with susceptible healthcare workers acting as vectors to unimmunized and immunosuppressed patients [2]. A nosocomial outbreak investigation in a tertiary care hospital demonstrated how a single primary case of chickenpox in a ward can lead to multiple secondary cases within a week among exposed susceptible individuals [3]. This pattern of rapid spread within a confined healthcare unit underscores why immediate isolation upon clinical diagnosis, before laboratory confirmation, is a non-negotiable first step. The virus is not only transmitted from varicella cases but also from patients with herpes zoster, making strict adherence to precautions essential in all healthcare encounters involving VZV lesions [2].
Furthermore, the risk of VZV reactivation and transmission remains relevant even in specific healthcare settings with unique population vulnerabilities. An analysis of a VZV outbreak in a closed psychiatric ward identified a varicella attack rate of 6.38% among exposed susceptible individuals, highlighting that any congregate healthcare setting with non-immune persons is at risk . The standard of care for a child with active varicella lesions involves placement in a negative-pressure airborne infection isolation room, with healthcare workers donning N95 respirators, gowns, and gloves. These precautions must remain in place until all lesions have crusted over, which typically marks the end of the contagious period [1].
Case report: Hospital-acquired chickenpox in a healthcare setting.Case reportUtpat S, Utpat N, Nookala V, Podakula L, Utpat K. (2023) · DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001917
[3]
Varicella zoster virus outbreak in a long-term care unit of a tertiary care hospital in northern India.Research articleSaksena R, Thomas BJ, Das R, Nagpal S, Suri PR, Wadhwa RK, Choudhary A, Gaind R, Gupta E. (2024) · DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000712
Clinical Management of Pediatric Varicella
A 6-year-old child is admitted with varicella. The priority is immediate implementation of airborne and contact precautions.
Placement: Admit to a single-occupancy negative-pressure room. Keep the door closed.
Respiratory Protection: Staff must wear a fit-tested N95 respirator before entering the room.
Skin Care: Keep nails short and clean. Apply calamine lotion for pruritus. Do not apply topical antibiotics to intact or uncomplicated lesions.
Fever Management: Administer acetaminophen for fever or discomfort. Aspirin is absolutely contraindicated due to Reye's syndrome risk.
Isolation Duration: Maintain precautions until all lesions are crusted over, typically 5-7 days after rash onset.
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) — The highly contagious virus causing chickenpox, transmitted via airborne droplets and direct contact with vesicular fluid.
Reye's Syndrome — A potentially fatal condition causing acute encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunction, associated with aspirin use in children with viral illnesses like varicella.
Airborne Precautions — Infection control measures including a negative pressure room and N95 respirator to prevent transmission of pathogens that remain infectious over long distances.