Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) & Resuscitation
A nurse is caring for a patient in cardiac arrest who has been receiving CPR for 15 minutes. The patient's rhythm shows ventricular fibrillation (VF). After the third defibrillation attempt, which ACLS intervention should the nurse prepare to administer next?
1Administer atropine 1 mg IV push
2Increase defibrillation energy to 360 joules
3Administer sodium bicarbonate 1 mEq/kg IV
4Administer epinephrine 1 mg IV push✓ 정답
해설
After the third defibrillation attempt in VF, administer epinephrine per ACLS guidelines to improve coronary perfusion pressure during CPR. Other options are not indicated in this scenario.
The patient is in cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm, ventricular fibrillation (VF). After 15 minutes of CPR and three defibrillation attempts, the rhythm persists. This situation directly follows the Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm for shockable rhythms, where the pathway after a failed second shock leads to medication administration.
Why Epinephrine is the Correct Next Intervention
According to the ACLS algorithm, after the second defibrillation attempt for persistent VF or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, the priority is to administer a vasopressor. The 2025 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation explicitly state that epinephrine remains the recommended vasopressor in adult cardiac arrest . The standard dose is 1 mg intravenously (IV) or intraosseously (IO), repeated every 3 to 5 minutes. The primary physiological rationale is its alpha-adrenergic effect, which causes systemic vasoconstriction. This action is critical because it increases the aortic diastolic pressure, which in turn elevates the coronary perfusion pressure. Higher coronary perfusion pressure during CPR is essential for delivering oxygenated blood to the myocardium, increasing the likelihood of achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The guidelines prioritize this mechanism over the beta-adrenergic effects, which can increase myocardial oxygen demand and have not shown a clear survival benefit .
Analysis of Incorrect Options
1. Administer atropine 1 mg IV push Atropine is a parasympatholytic agent used for symptomatic bradycardia. It has no role in the treatment of VF or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The 2010 AHA Guidelines removed its routine use from the cardiac arrest algorithm for pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and asystole, and it has never been indicated for shockable rhythms like VF. Administering atropine in this context would be an incorrect application of the ACLS bradycardia algorithm.
2. Increase defibrillation energy to 360 joules
While modern biphasic defibrillators often use a fixed or escalating energy strategy, the immediate next step after a shock is not simply to deliver another shock at a higher energy level. The algorithm specifies that after the second shock, the priority is to administer a vasopressor (epinephrine) and then resume high-quality CPR while considering an advanced airway. The defibrillator energy is typically set to the manufacturer's recommended dose (e.g., 120-200 J for the first shock, with subsequent shocks at the same or higher energy). The critical action at this juncture is drug therapy to improve myocardial perfusion, not an immediate fourth shock.
3. Administer sodium bicarbonate 1 mEq/kg IV
Routine administration of sodium bicarbonate during cardiac arrest is not recommended by current guidelines. It is considered in specific circumstances, such as pre-existing hyperkalemia or tricyclic antidepressant overdose. In the typical cardiac arrest scenario, the primary acid-base disturbance is a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis. Adequate ventilation and restoration of perfusion through high-quality CPR and vasopressors are the mainstays of correcting acidosis. Unnecessary bicarbonate administration can lead to detrimental effects, including paradoxical intracellular acidosis, hypernatremia, and a leftward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, impairing tissue oxygen release. The 2025 guidelines do not support its routine use, making this an incorrect choice .
Key Takeaway for NCLEX-RN
For a persistent shockable rhythm like VF, the ACLS sequence after the second unsuccessful defibrillation is to administer epinephrine 1 mg IV/IO while continuing high-quality CPR. This intervention aims to increase coronary perfusion pressure, which is a prerequisite for successful defibrillation. The guidelines emphasize that vasopressor administration takes precedence over immediate subsequent shocks or non-indicated medications like atropine or sodium bicarbonate .
A 68-year-old patient is in cardiac arrest with persistent ventricular fibrillation after 15 minutes of high-quality CPR and three biphasic defibrillation attempts. The code leader directs you to prepare the next intervention. Based on the ACLS Cardiac Arrest Algorithm, you recognize that after the second shock, the priority is to administer a vasopressor to optimize perfusion.
You prepare epinephrine 1 mg IV push. As you administer the medication, you recall that its primary mechanism of action is alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation, causing systemic vasoconstriction. This action increases aortic diastolic pressure, which directly elevates the coronary perfusion pressure, enhancing blood flow to the myocardium during chest compressions. This physiological effect is crucial for improving the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).
You ensure the epinephrine is followed by a 20 mL normal saline flush and elevate the extremity. You note the time of administration and plan to repeat the dose every 3 to 5 minutes per protocol. The team continues high-quality CPR with minimal interruptions, and the respiratory therapist prepares to reassess the rhythm after 2 minutes to determine if another shock is warranted.
Ventricular Fibrillation — A life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia characterized by rapid, chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles, resulting in ineffective quivering and loss of cardiac output; it is a shockable rhythm.
Epinephrine — The primary vasopressor in the ACLS Cardiac Arrest Algorithm, administered 1 mg IV/IO every 3-5 minutes to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure via alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction.
Coronary Perfusion Pressure — The pressure gradient driving blood flow to the myocardium, calculated as aortic diastolic pressure minus right atrial pressure; a key determinant of successful resuscitation.
Defibrillation — Delivery of a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the heart to depolarize the myocardium and terminate a shockable rhythm, allowing the sinoatrial node to re-establish a normal rhythm.
ACLS Algorithm — A standardized set of treatment protocols for managing cardiac arrest and other cardiovascular emergencies, emphasizing high-quality CPR, early defibrillation, and timely medication administration.