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학습 자료 둘러보기 →The key differentiator is sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. Withdrawal presents with dilated pupils, rhinorrhea, muscle aches, and agitation due to a surge in norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus.
In contrast, opioid intoxication is a state of central nervous system depression, characterized by the classic triad of pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression (rate <12/min), and drowsiness or coma.
Withdrawal symptoms are often undertreated in hospital settings, leading to severe patient distress and increased risk of leaving against medical advice. Use a validated scale like the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) to guide symptom management.
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