A nurse is preparing to care for a 45-year-old patient with end-stage brain cancer who has been declared brain dead and has consented to corneal donation after death. The family is present and supportive of the donation process. Which action should the nurse take first to maintain tissue viability for transplantation?
A 45-year-old patient with end-stage brain cancer has been declared brain dead and has consented to corneal donation. The family is present and supportive of the donation process.
1Close the patient's eyelids and place moist gauze pads over the eyes✓ 정답
2Administer prescribed eye drops to prevent infection
3Document the time of death in the medical record
4Contact the organ procurement organization immediately
해설
Closing eyelids and placing moist gauze prevents corneal drying, which is critical for tissue viability. Other actions are important but secondary to immediate tissue preservation.
This scenario presents a patient who has been declared brain dead and has authorized corneal donation. The immediate postoperative (or post-death) period is critical for tissue viability. The cornea is an avascular tissue that relies on the tear film and a closed lid environment for oxygenation and hydration once circulation ceases. Without prompt local intervention, the corneal epithelium can desiccate, become edematous, or develop epithelial defects, rendering the tissue unsuitable for transplantation.
In the NCLEX-RN framework, this falls under Physiological Integrity (Reduction of Risk Potential) and Management of Care (Establishing Priorities). The question tests the ability to prioritize a nursing action that directly preserves the viability of the tissue intended for donation. Using the airway-breathing-circulation (ABC) analogy for tissue donation, the first priority is to protect the local environment of the tissue—in this case, the ocular surface.
Analysis of the Correct Answer (Option 1)
Closing the patient's eyelids and placing moist gauze pads over the eyes is the correct first action. This intervention creates a moisture chamber that prevents the corneal epithelium from drying out. When the lids are closed and covered with a moist barrier, the evaporation of fluid from the ocular surface is minimized. This is the most immediate, nurse-driven intervention to maintain tissue integrity before the procurement team arrives. The action is non-invasive, does not require a provider's order in the context of a standing donation protocol, and directly addresses the physiological need of the exposed tissue [3].
Analysis of Incorrect Answers
Option 2: Administer prescribed eye drops to prevent infection.
While prophylactic antibiotic drops are often part of the procurement protocol, this is not the first action. The immediate threat to the cornea after death is desiccation, not infection. Furthermore, administering eye drops requires a valid prescription and verification, which takes time. The physical barrier of a moist gauze dressing must be established immediately to stabilize the tissue environment. The cited research on septicemic donors highlights the importance of evaluating the microbiological spectrum of ocular tissues, but this pertains to the suitability of the tissue later in the process, not the immediate nursing action to preserve it [1].
Option 3: Document the time of death in the medical record.
Documentation is a crucial legal and professional responsibility. However, in a priority-setting question where a time-sensitive physiological intervention is required, documentation is a secondary task. The time of death is a critical data point for the procurement organization to calculate warm ischemic time, but delaying the moist gauze application to document first would directly harm tissue viability. The nurse can document the time after the immediate tissue-preserving intervention is completed.
Option 4: Contact the organ procurement organization immediately.
Notification of the organ procurement organization (OPO) is a mandatory step in the donation process and must occur in a timely manner. However, the question stem indicates the patient has already consented to donation, implying the OPO has likely been contacted. Even if the call still needs to be made, the nurse's first hands-on action to prevent irreversible tissue damage is to apply the moist gauze. A delay of even a few minutes can cause epithelial sloughing, which is a common reason for corneal graft failure related to the donation-transplantation process [3]. The OPO coordinator will also instruct the nurse to take this exact measure upon notification.
Pathophysiology and Clinical Rationale
The cornea's metabolic requirements are met by oxygen from the atmosphere when the eye is open and from the aqueous humor and limbal vasculature when closed. After brain death, cardiovascular support may be withdrawn or become unstable, leading to reduced aqueous humor production and limbal blood flow. The corneal epithelium becomes entirely dependent on the external environment. Exposure leads to a rapid loss of stromal glycosaminoglycans and endothelial cell function. The simple act of closing the lids and applying a saline-moistened barrier maintains a relative humidity near 100%, which is the single most effective measure to delay autolysis and keep the endothelial cell density at a transplantable level [3].
While the provided abstract on septicemic donors discusses the risk of post-transplantation infection, it reinforces why maintaining an intact epithelial barrier is vital. An intact, hydrated epithelium is a strong defense against microbial invasion. If the tissue desiccates and breaks down, the risk of contamination increases, potentially leading to a positive culture report that would make the tissue unsuitable for transplant [1]. The nurse's first action thus serves a dual purpose: preserving anatomical integrity for surgical success and maintaining the physiological barrier against contamination.
References (research sources)
[1]
Microbiological spectrum and probability of transmission of infection from ocular tissues of enucleated eyes harvested from septicemic donors.Research articleDubey A, Priyanka, Soni D, Chaurasia D, Periasamy B, Jain NC, Sarkar D, Singh M, Khullar S, Kumar K, Chaturvedi P, Sharma B. (2026) · DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.118357
[3]
The donation-transplantation process and corneal graft failure: A case-control study.Research articlePereira Cruz GK, Ferreira Júnior MA, Pereira Santos VE, Vitor AF, Pereira Frota O, Ferraz Teston E, Machado Mota F, Gonçalves Zulin ME, Moura Maidana G, Lima Meza L, Dias Abes B, Dias M. (2025) · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321225
Corneal Donation: Immediate Postmortem Eye CarePreserving Tissue Viability Before Procurement
The cornea is an avascular tissue that relies on a moist environment after death. The first nursing action is to create a moisture chamber by closing the eyelids and placing moist gauze pads over the eyes.
This intervention prevents desiccation and epithelial breakdown, which can render the tissue unsuitable for transplant. It must be performed immediately after death is declared.
Caution
Do not apply pressure to the globes. Avoid using ointments or solutions not specified by the procurement protocol. Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees if not contraindicated to reduce edema.
Corneal donation — The process of donating corneal tissue after death for transplantation to restore sight in recipients with corneal blindness or damage.
Tissue viability — The ability of donated tissue, such as corneas, to remain healthy and functional for transplantation, requiring prompt preservation after circulatory cessation.
Moisture chamber — A technique using closed eyelids and moist gauze to create a humid environment that prevents the corneal epithelium from drying out.
Brain death — The irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem, which is a legal definition of death.
Organ procurement organization (OPO) — An agency responsible for coordinating the donation process, including evaluation, recovery, and allocation of organs and tissues for transplantation.