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학습 자료 둘러보기 →In patients who cannot self-report, pain often presents as restlessness, agitation, or carphologia (picking at linens). These behaviors are not random but are cardinal behavioral indicators of distress.
Use a validated behavioral pain scale (e.g., PAINAD, CPOT) to systematically assess for grimacing, tense body language, and vocalizations. Sympathetic nervous system activation from pain can cause tachycardia and tachypnea.
Do not assume terminal agitation is solely a neurological event. Unmanaged pain is a frequent and reversible cause that must be ruled out first before considering pharmacological sedation.
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