A 7-year-old child with hemophilia A is brought to the emergency department after falling from a bicycle and hitting his head. The child is alert and oriented, with no visible external injuries. What is the most appropriate immediate nursing intervention?
The child appears stable but the parents are concerned about potential internal bleeding due to his bleeding disorder.
1Apply ice to the head and observe for 30 minutes before further assessment
2Obtain a complete blood count and coagulation studies immediately
3Administer acetaminophen for pain relief and comfort measures
4Prepare for immediate administration of factor VIII concentrate as ordered by the physician✓ 정답
해설
For a child with hemophilia A who has sustained head trauma, immediate factor replacement therapy is the priority intervention to prevent or minimize intracranial bleeding, which can be life-threatening.
This question evaluates critical thinking about emergency management after head trauma in a pediatric patient with hemophilia A. Hemophilia A is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for the clotting process.
When a child with hemophilia sustains head trauma, the risk of intracranial bleeding is significantly increased due to impaired clotting ability, even if no external injury is visible. The brain is particularly vulnerable because it cannot tolerate bleeding within the confined space of the skull, and intracranial hemorrhage can quickly become life-threatening.
The most appropriate immediate intervention is preparing to administer factor VIII concentrate. This replenishes the deficient clotting factor, restores normal hemostatic function, and prevents or minimizes bleeding. In hemophilia management, time after trauma is critical—early factor replacement can prevent minor bleeding from progressing to major hemorrhage.
Factor VIII concentrate should be administered as soon as possible after trauma, ideally within a few hours of injury. The dose is typically calculated based on the child's weight and the desired factor level increase. For head trauma, factor levels should be raised to 80–100% of normal to ensure adequate hemostasis.
This intervention requires a physician's order and careful monitoring, but preparing for administration demonstrates appropriate prioritization for a life-threatening complication. Nurses must be ready to act promptly once the medical order is received, as any delay in factor replacement can lead to serious bleeding complications.
Clinical Context
This question addresses a critical NCLEX-RN priority-setting scenario involving a pediatric patient with hemophilia A who has sustained head trauma. Even in the absence of external injuries, the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening emergency in this population. The scenario tests the nurse's ability to recognize an urgent, high-risk situation and anticipate the immediate intervention that addresses the underlying pathophysiology.
Pathophysiology and Clinical Reasoning Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII. The coagulation cascade is disrupted, preventing the formation of a stable fibrin clot. In a healthy individual, minor trauma to the head might result in a small, self-limiting bleed. However, in a child with hemophilia A, the deficient intrinsic pathway cannot effectively halt the bleeding, allowing a slow but continuous extravasation of blood into the closed cranial vault. Because the skull is a rigid container, an expanding intracranial hematoma will eventually increase intracranial pressure (ICP), leading to brain tissue compression, ischemia, and herniation. The initial period of being "alert and oriented" can be deceptively reassuring; a child can rapidly deteriorate as the hematoma expands. This phenomenon is underscored by evidence that individuals with hemophilia can experience bleeding events ranging from minor to life-threatening events such as intracranial hemorrhage[2]. The immediate therapeutic goal is not to treat a symptom like pain, but to correct the underlying coagulopathy to prevent or halt the progression of a potentially fatal bleed.
Analysis of Options
The correct answer is to prepare for immediate administration of factor VIII concentrate as ordered. In the hierarchy of nursing priorities, addressing a life-threatening physiological risk takes precedence. The definitive management of a bleeding episode in hemophilia A is the replacement of the missing clotting factor. National and international guidelines for hemophilia care emphasize the prompt use of clotting factor concentrate replacement regimens tailored to the severity of the bleed [1,2]. For a suspected ICH, a major and potentially fatal hemorrhage, the immediate intravenous administration of factor VIII is critical to raise the patient's factor level to hemostatic range and prevent further neurological injury. The nurse's role is to anticipate this order, prepare the medication, and administer it without delay.
The other options represent incorrect or potentially harmful delays in care:
- Option 1 (Apply ice and observe): This is a dangerously passive approach. Observation alone does not treat the active, life-threatening process of an expanding intracranial bleed. Applying ice is a local measure for superficial soft tissue swelling and has no effect on an intracranial hemorrhage.
- Option 2 (Obtain labs): While laboratory studies like a complete blood count and coagulation studies are part of the overall assessment, they must not delay the administration of life-saving factor replacement. The diagnosis of hemophilia A is already known, and the mechanism of injury dictates the presumptive diagnosis of an intracranial bleed until proven otherwise. Treatment takes priority over diagnostic confirmation.
- Option 3 (Administer acetaminophen): Pain management is a secondary consideration. Furthermore, the child is not currently reporting pain. More critically, the nurse must independently recognize that any medication that could mask neurological changes (such as a decreasing level of consciousness) or has antiplatelet effects (like NSAIDs, which are absolutely contraindicated) is inappropriate. While acetaminophen does not affect platelet function, administering it for comfort in this context ignores the primary, life-threatening problem.
Key NCLEX-RN Takeaway
This scenario highlights the critical nursing concept of prioritization using the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and safety. In a patient with a known bleeding disorder and high-risk trauma, the "C" for circulation is compromised by a lack of clotting factors. The nurse must anticipate and facilitate the administration of the specific clotting factor concentrate, as this directly addresses the circulatory and neurological risk. Multidisciplinary collaboration, as described in successful perioperative management of hemophilia patients for cranial procedures, is essential, with the nurse playing a central role in timely intervention . The immediate nursing action is not assessment or comfort, but preparation for a definitive, physician-ordered pharmacological intervention to prevent irreversible neurological damage [1].
References (research sources)
[1]
Updated Egyptian national guidelines for management of hemophilia A in children & adolescents.GuidelineMokhtar G, El-Beshlawy A, Alfy ME, Ekiaby ME, Rakha M, Mansour A, Tantawy AAG, Hassab H, Safy UE, Eid KA, Shaheen N, Omar N, Adolf S, Ragab S, ElKholy M, Elsherif NHK. (2025) · DOI: 10.1007/s00277-025-06557-x
[2]
Evidence-based dental management strategies for individuals with congenital hemophilia: a systematic review.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewKumar M, Badagabettu S, Pai KM, George LS. (2026) · DOI: 10.1186/s12903-026-07736-6
Hemophilia A with Head TraumaImmediate Factor VIII Replacement Priority
In a child with hemophilia A and head trauma, assume intracranial hemorrhage until proven otherwise, even if the child is alert and has no external injuries. The skull is a rigid container, and expanding hematoma leads to rapid deterioration.
The priority nursing action is to prepare for immediate administration of factor VIII concentrate as ordered. Do not delay replacement therapy for laboratory studies or prolonged observation.
Caution
A normal neurological exam does not rule out an evolving intracranial bleed. Factor replacement must be given immediately to prevent life-threatening increased intracranial pressure and herniation.
Hemophilia A — An X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, leading to impaired intrinsic pathway coagulation.
Factor VIII Concentrate — A replacement therapy that provides the missing clotting factor to halt or prevent bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A.
Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) — Bleeding within the skull, a life-threatening emergency in hemophilia patients due to increased intracranial pressure and brain herniation risk.