A nurse is caring for multiple patients with different types of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Which nursing action demonstrates the highest priority safety measure when caring for these patients?
The nurse is assigned to care for four patients: Patient A with MRSA wound infection, Patient B with VRE urinary tract infection, Patient C with C. difficile-associated diarrhea, and Patient D with no known infections.
1Wearing the same pair of gloves when moving between all four patients to maintain efficiency
2Using alcohol-based hand sanitizer exclusively for hand hygiene between all patient contacts
3Implementing contact precautions and performing proper hand hygiene with soap and water after caring for each patient✓ 정답
4Placing all four patients in the same room to facilitate monitoring and reduce cross-contamination
해설
Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are highest priority because alcohol-based sanitizers are ineffective against C. difficile spores. Other options increase cross-contamination risk.
Understanding the Priority in Multidrug-Resistant Infection Control
The core of this question lies in understanding the chain of infection, specifically the mode of transmission. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are primarily spread via contact, often on the hands or clothing of healthcare workers. The study by Cheng et al. highlights that effective nursing safety management is essential to control MDRO transmission and improve patient outcomes in high-acuity settings like the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) [1]. Therefore, the highest priority action is the one that most effectively breaks this chain of transmission between two different patient environments.
Analysis of Each Option
Option 1: Changing gloves between each patient contact while keeping the same gown.
This action is insufficient. While changing gloves is a basic standard precaution, the gown itself can become contaminated with MDROs during patient care. A contaminated gown then serves as a vehicle for transmitting organisms to the next patient or the environment, even if gloves are new. This practice does not fully interrupt the transmission pathway, as the clothing beneath the gown can also be a source of contamination.
Option 2: Using alcohol-based hand sanitizer after removing personal protective equipment.
This is a correct step in the doffing sequence, but it is not the complete action of highest priority. Hand hygiene is a critical component of infection prevention, as emphasized by guidelines from the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2]. However, if personal protective equipment (PPE) is not fully removed and donned fresh between rooms, the healthcare worker's body or underlying scrubs can still carry pathogens from the previous patient. This option describes a component of a larger, more critical process.
Option 3: Removing all personal protective equipment and performing hand hygiene before entering each new patient room.
This is the correct answer. This action represents the complete and definitive break in the chain of infection. By removing all PPE, which is likely contaminated with the previous patient's MDROs, and then performing hand hygiene, the healthcare worker eliminates the primary vectors for transmission. This practice creates a clean starting point before entering the next patient's environment, directly preventing the transfer of organisms from one patient to another. Sanvitti et al. note that prevention strategies, including consistent application of such protocols, are crucial in minimizing hospital-acquired infections in intensive care units [2]. This comprehensive approach is the gold standard for contact precautions.
Option 4: Wearing the same N95 mask throughout the shift while changing other protective equipment.
This practice is unsafe and contradicts infection control principles. An N95 mask is a form of PPE for airborne precautions, not the primary defense against MDROs, which are most often spread by contact. Wearing the same mask between patients risks contaminating the mask's outer surface with pathogens from one patient and then transferring them to another, or self-contaminating during removal and reapplication. All PPE, including masks, should be considered single-use for a patient encounter or discarded when moving between patients on contact precautions.
Clinical Application and Key Takeaway
The highest priority safety measure is the one that provides the most comprehensive barrier to pathogen transmission. The sequence of donning fresh PPE and performing hand hygiene before each patient encounter is a non-negotiable standard. This principle is rooted in the fundamental understanding that MDROs, which pose significant challenges due to patient vulnerability and invasive procedures, are controlled through rigorous, systematic nursing actions that prevent cross-contamination at the point of care [1].
References (research sources)
[1]
Impact of nursing safety management on the control of multidrug-resistant organisms infections in emergency intensive care units.Research articleCheng L, Liu F, Zhao L, Liang M, Li R, Wu M. (2026) · DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000046490
[2]
Minimizing hospital acquired intensive care unit infections: A focus on prevention.Research articleSanvitti M, Kanapeckas L, Bilotta F. (2026) · DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v15.i1.113252
Clinical Safety Guide: MDRO Contact Precautions
Hand Hygiene Protocol
Soap and Water Priority: When caring for patients with C. difficile infection, always use soap and water for hand hygiene. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers do not kill C. difficile spores.
Technique: Perform hand hygiene immediately after removing gloves and before exiting the patient room to prevent environmental contamination.
Duration: Wash hands with soap and water for at least 40-60 seconds, ensuring thorough friction on all surfaces.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Sequence
Perform hand hygiene before entering the room.
Don a clean, non-sterile gown first, ensuring full coverage of clothing.
Don clean gloves, pulling them over the cuffs of the gown.
Upon exiting, remove gloves first, then gown, and perform immediate hand hygiene. Never reuse or wear the same PPE between patients.
Patient Placement and Equipment
Private Room: Place patients with MDROs in a single-patient room whenever possible. Do not cohort patients with different MDROs in the same room due to the risk of cross-transmission.
Dedicated Equipment: Use single-patient-use or dedicated non-critical equipment (e.g., stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs). If equipment must be shared, clean and disinfect it thoroughly between patients using an EPA-registered sporicidal agent for C. difficile.
Contact Precautions — Infection prevention practices including gown and gloves for all interactions that may involve contact with the patient or contaminated surfaces, used to prevent transmission of MDROs.
C. difficile Spores — A dormant, highly resistant form of Clostridioides difficile that is not killed by alcohol-based hand sanitizers and requires mechanical removal with soap and water.
MDRO — Multidrug-resistant organisms such as MRSA and VRE that are resistant to multiple antibiotics and require enhanced infection control measures to prevent spread.