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학습 자료 둘러보기 →In preconventional reasoning, a child's morality is externally controlled. The rightness or wrongness of an action is judged by its direct, physical consequences to the self, not by societal rules.
A 7-year-old at this stage will explain their behavior by focusing on obedience and punishment avoidance. A classic cue is a statement like "I don't do X because I will get in trouble," where the feared outcome is a specific, personal consequence such as losing a privilege.
Do not confuse this with conventional morality (Stage 3), where the child's motivation is to gain social approval ("my friends will like me"). The key differentiator is whether the focus is on self-interest and punishment versus relationships and social order.
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