The patient's heart demonstrates ______ failure, where blood backs up into the lungs due to left ventricular dysfunction.

Retrograde failure occurs when the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood forward, causing blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation. This pattern leads to pulmonary congestion, edema, and symptoms like dyspnea and orthopnea.

• Retrograde heart failure:
- Blood flows backward into pulmonary circulation
- Caused by left ventricular dysfunction
- Results in pulmonary congestion and edema
- Common symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea

• Types of heart failure:
1. Left-sided failure
- Systolic dysfunction: reduced ejection fraction
- Diastolic dysfunction: impaired ventricular filling

2. Right-sided failure
- Blood backs up into systemic circulation
- Causes peripheral edema, liver congestion

• Clinical manifestations:
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Pulmonary edema
- Exercise intolerance
- Nocturnal dyspnea

• Diagnostic criteria:
- Ejection fraction measurement
- Chest X-ray findings
- BNP levels
- Echocardiogram results

• Treatment approaches:
- ACE inhibitors
- Beta blockers
- Diuretics
- Digoxin
- Lifestyle modifications