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一名11歲個案因新發生的糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）入院：血糖612 mg/dL，pH 7.18，碳酸氫根8，酮體大量。下列哪些護理措施符合安全的兒童DKA處理？請選出所有適用項目。

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1 Monitor closely for signs of cerebral edema (severe headache, sudden mental status change, bradycardia with hypertension, posturing) which is the leading cause of DKA mortality in children. 嚴密監測腦水腫徵象(劇烈頭痛、意識突變、高血壓伴心搏過慢、姿勢異常) — 為兒童DKA死亡主因。 2 Administer a sodium bicarbonate infusion to raise the serum pH to at least 7.35 to prevent myocardial depression and improve insulin sensitivity during DKA management. 給予 sodium bicarbonate 輸注以提升血清 pH 值至至少 7.35，以預防心肌抑制並改善 DKA 處置期間的胰島素敏感性。 3 Add potassium to the IV fluids once urine output is established and potassium is in the normal-to-low range; insulin shifts potassium intracellularly. 於有尿量且鉀於正常-低範圍時，於IV輸液加入鉀；胰島素將鉀轉入細胞內。 4 Begin gradual isotonic fluid resuscitation (10 to 20 mL/kg over 30 to 60 minutes initially), then continue at maintenance plus deficit replacement over 36 to 48 hours — NOT aggressive boluses. 以漸進式等張輸液復甦(初期30-60分鐘給10-20 mL/kg)，之後36-48小時維持加上補足缺損 — 而非積極推注。 5 Start a continuous regular insulin drip at 0.05 to 0.1 unit/kg/hour AFTER the initial fluid bolus (not before) and only when potassium is verified ≥ 3.5 mEq/L. 於初次輸液推注後(非之前)，且kalium確認≥ 3.5 mEq/L時方始持續regular insulin點滴0.05-0.1單位/kg/小時。

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