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一名79歲末期胰臟癌居家安寧病患主訴疼痛8/10，呼吸快而淺28/分並伴隨皺眉。過去24小時內已使用PRN morphine三次，家屬擔心再給morphine會加速死亡。哪些護理行動與衛教合適？請選擇所有適用的選項。

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1 Titrate the morphine per the order to control pain and air hunger, even if respiratory rate decreases somewhat, because comfort is the primary goal in hospice. 安寧之首要目標為舒適，故依醫囑滴定morphine以控制疼痛與air hunger，即使呼吸頻率略下降。 2 Use non-pharmacologic comfort measures alongside the opioid — repositioning, mouth care, calm environment, family presence — and document pain score, respiratory effort, and the patient's response. 在類鴉片之外採非藥物舒適措施 — 翻身、口腔護理、安靜環境、家屬陪伴 — 並記錄疼痛分數、呼吸用力與病患反應。 3 Teach the family to hold the morphine dose if the patient’s respiratory rate exceeds 28 breaths per minute, as this indicates adequate ventilation and the opioid could suppress the drive. 教導家屬，若病人的呼吸速率超過每分鐘28次，則暫停給予嗎啡，因為這顯示通氣充足，而嗎啡可能抑制呼吸驅動力。 4 Explain that proportional opioid treatment for symptoms is ethical; the intent is comfort, not to hasten death. 說明為症狀給予比例性類鴉片治療是符合倫理的；目的是舒適，而非加速死亡。 5 Reassure the family that opioids relieve dyspnea and pain, and that under-treated pain is itself associated with shortened life expectancy and severe distress. 安撫家屬類鴉片可緩解呼吸困難與疼痛，未治療之疼痛本身與壽命縮短及嚴重痛苦相關。

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