# Situation: The nurse coordinator of a hospital's bone health clinic plans an 8-session education program for 40 postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Most of the women are older adults, and several care for grandchildren at home. The program aims to reduce falls and fractures. Before printing 500 copies of the program's leaflet, the nurse asks six of the women to read a draft and say which parts are unclear. What is the purpose of this step?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=630547  
> language: ko  
> subject: Nursing Practice IV — Care of Clients with Problems in Nutrition and Gastrointestinal, Metabolism and Endocrine, Perception and Coordination

## 문제

Situation: The nurse coordinator of a hospital's bone health clinic plans an 8-session education program for 40 postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Most of the women are older adults, and several care for grandchildren at home. The program aims to reduce falls and fractures.

Before printing 500 copies of the program's leaflet, the nurse asks six of the women to read a draft and say which parts are unclear. What is the purpose of this step?

## 보기

1. To judge at the end whether the leaflet improved their knowledge
2. To obtain baseline data for measuring the program's final impact
3. To check that the sessions are delivered as planned
4. To revise the draft while changes can still be made **✔ 정답**

**정답: 4**

## 해설

Formative evaluation takes place during planning and implementation to improve a program, and pretesting a leaflet is a classic example. Summative evaluation judges effectiveness at the end, and process evaluation checks whether the program was delivered as planned.

## 심화 해설

Pretesting is formative evaluation
Before printing 500 copies of the leaflet, the nurse asks six women from the target group to read a draft and point out unclear parts. The purpose is to revise the draft while changes can still be made. This is formative evaluation: evaluation carried out during the planning and implementation of a program to improve it. Pretesting educational materials with a few members of the intended audience is a classic example, because it shows whether the language, layout, pictures, and messages are understood before money is spent on printing.

The three main types of program evaluation
Program evaluation is often divided by timing and purpose. Knowing which question each type answers makes these items straightforward.

| Type | When | Question it answers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Formative | During planning and implementation | How can we improve it now? |
| Process | During implementation | Is it being delivered as planned? |
| Summative | At the end | Did it achieve its goals? |
| Baseline measurement | Before the program | What is the starting point? |

Why the other purposes are wrong
Judging at the end whether the leaflet improved knowledge is summative evaluation, done after the program has run. Obtaining baseline data describes the women's starting knowledge or behavior, which is needed to measure impact later, but asking which parts of a draft are unclear does not measure their knowledge. Checking whether sessions are delivered as planned is process evaluation, which monitors fidelity to the plan, such as attendance and completion of sessions. None of these describes reviewing a draft before it is printed.

Why it matters for these learners
The women are mostly older adults with low bone mass. Older readers may need larger print, plain words, clear pictures of exercises, and fewer ideas per page. Pretesting with a small sample of the same audience catches problems the writer cannot see, such as medical terms the readers do not know. The draft is then revised, and sometimes pretested again, before final printing.

Exam takeaway
Key point Pretesting a draft with a few learners = formative evaluation (improve while it can still change). End-of-program judgment = summative; delivery as planned = process.

## 임상 시나리오

Pretesting a Health Education LeafletFormative evaluation in practice
Asking a few women from the target group to read a draft and identify unclear parts is formative evaluation: it improves material while it can still be changed.

Summative evaluation judges results at the end, and process evaluation checks whether the program is delivered as planned.

For older learners, pretesting checks print size, plain wording, and clear exercise pictures before 500 copies are printed.

CautionPretesting is not baseline data collection. It tests the material, not the learners' knowledge.

## 핵심 개념

- **Formative evaluation** — Evaluation during planning or implementation used to improve a program or its materials.
- **Summative evaluation** — Evaluation at the end of a program to judge whether it achieved its goals.
- **Process evaluation** — Evaluation that checks whether a program is delivered as planned.
- **Pretesting** — Trying out draft materials with a small sample of the intended audience before final use.

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