# Situation: A 45-year-old farmer weighing 60 kg is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after drinking an organophosphate insecticide. He has pinpoint pupils, profuse salivation, wheezing with crackles in both lungs, and a heart rate of 48/min. His clothing has been removed and his skin washed. Atropine is given by the doubling protocol, followed by a continuous infusion. Six hours into the atropine infusion, his findings are: Behavior: agitated and confused Temperature: 38.9 °C Heart rate: 136/min Skin: hot and dry Abdomen: absent bowel sounds, distended bladder Chest: clear on auscultation Neck flexion strength: normal Which conclusion should guide the nurse's action?

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> subject: Nursing Practice V — Care of Clients with Maladaptive Patterns of Behavior; Care of Clients with Life-Threatening Conditions, Acute Multi-Organ Problems, High Acuity and Emergency Situations

## 문제

Situation: A 45-year-old farmer weighing 60 kg is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after drinking an organophosphate insecticide. He has pinpoint pupils, profuse salivation, wheezing with crackles in both lungs, and a heart rate of 48/min. His clothing has been removed and his skin washed. Atropine is given by the doubling protocol, followed by a continuous infusion.

Six hours into the atropine infusion, his findings are:
Behavior: agitated and confused
Temperature: 38.9 °C
Heart rate: 136/min
Skin: hot and dry
Abdomen: absent bowel sounds, distended bladder
Chest: clear on auscultation
Neck flexion strength: normal
Which conclusion should guide the nurse's action?

## 보기

1. Recurrent cholinergic crisis; increase the atropine infusion rate
2. Intermediate syndrome; prepare for respiratory support
3. Atropine toxicity; hold the infusion and notify the physician **✔ 정답**
4. Aspiration pneumonia; send sputum culture and a chest X-ray

**정답: 3**

## 해설

Agitated delirium, fever, hot dry skin, absent bowel sounds, and urinary retention together form an anticholinergic picture from too much atropine. The infusion is held and the physician notified; tachycardia alone would not be a reason to stop, but this full pattern is. The clear chest and normal neck flexion argue against recurrent cholinergic effects and intermediate syndrome.

## 심화 해설

Clinical picture at six hours

The findings now point away from the original organophosphate toxidrome and toward an anticholinergic toxidrome caused by excess atropine. Agitated confusion, a temperature of 38.9 °C, hot and dry skin, absent bowel sounds, and a distended bladder are the classic peripheral and central signs of muscarinic blockade. The heart rate of 136/min is tachycardia, but tachycardia by itself would not require stopping atropine; the combination of central nervous system excitation, hyperthermia, ileus, and urinary retention is what makes this atropine toxicity.

Atropine toxicity is a clinical diagnosis based on the full anticholinergic pattern, not on any single vital-sign abnormality. The clear chest and normal neck flexion strength are especially useful negative findings. Recurrent cholinergic crisis would produce bronchial secretions, wheezing, bradycardia, and muscle weakness; intermediate syndrome typically causes proximal muscle weakness, including neck flexion weakness and respiratory insufficiency. Neither is present here.

| Finding | Cholinergic crisis | Intermediate syndrome | Atropine toxicity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pupils | Pinpoint | Variable | Dilated or normal |
| Secretions/bronchi | Profuse, wheezing, crackles | Clear unless aspiration | Dry, clear chest |
| Heart rate | Bradycardia | Normal or tachycardia | Tachycardia |
| Skin | Diaphoretic | Variable | Hot and dry |
| Bowel/bladder | Diarrhea, incontinence | Variable | Absent bowel sounds, urinary retention |
| Neuromuscular | Fasciculations, weakness | Neck flexion and proximal weakness | Agitation, confusion, delirium |

The central nervous system effects of atropine are broad in both severity and presentation. They can range from mild cognitive impairment to severe coma, and the behavioral spectrum may include agitation or somnolence [4]. In this patient, the agitated and confused state fits the central anticholinergic picture. The peripheral signs—hot dry skin, ileus, and urinary retention—reinforce the diagnosis because they reflect blockade of muscarinic receptors in sweat glands, gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and the detrusor muscle.

Watch out! Tachycardia alone is an expected atropine effect and is not an indication to stop the infusion. The decision to hold atropine is based on the emergence of the full anticholinergic syndrome: central excitation, hyperthermia, dry skin, ileus, and urinary retention.

Key point! The clear chest and normal neck flexion strength are strong evidence against recurrent cholinergic crisis and intermediate syndrome. These negative findings redirect the nurse away from respiratory support and toward recognizing atropine toxicity.

Management of atropine-induced anticholinergic syndrome begins with stopping the offending agent and providing supportive care [4]. For this patient, the nurse should hold the atropine infusion and notify the physician. Supportive measures include monitoring for hyperthermia, protecting the agitated patient from injury, and monitoring bladder distention because urinary retention may require catheterization. Physostigmine is mentioned in the literature as a consideration for severe central anticholinergic syndrome, but its use is reserved for selected cases and is not the nurse’s first action [4].

The priority nursing action is to recognize the anticholinergic toxidrome, stop the atropine infusion, and notify the physician for further orders. Sending a sputum culture and chest X-ray for suspected aspiration pneumonia is not supported because the chest is clear on auscultation and the clinical picture is explained by anticholinergic effects rather than infection.
References (research sources)

- [4]Central anticholinergic syndrome following dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography.Research articleWilson ME, Lee GK, Chandra A, Kane GC (2011) · DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01509.x

## 임상 시나리오

Atropine Toxicity RecognitionDifferentiating anticholinergic toxidrome from cholinergic crisis and intermediate syndrome
In organophosphate poisoning treated with atropine, the development of agitated delirium, fever, hot dry skin, absent bowel sounds, and urinary retention indicates atropine toxicity. Tachycardia alone is not a reason to stop atropine, but this full anticholinergic pattern is.

A clear chest on auscultation and normal neck flexion strength argue against recurrent cholinergic crisis and intermediate syndrome. Cholinergic crisis would show bronchial secretions, wheezing, and bradycardia; intermediate syndrome typically causes proximal muscle weakness including neck flexion weakness.

CautionAtropine toxicity is a clinical diagnosis based on the full anticholinergic pattern, not on any single vital-sign abnormality. Hold the infusion and notify the physician; do not wait for confirmatory testing.

## 핵심 개념

- **Atropine toxicity** — Anticholinergic toxidrome from excess atropine: agitated delirium, fever, hot dry skin, absent bowel sounds, urinary retention, tachycardia.
- **Cholinergic crisis** — Muscarinic and nicotinic overstimulation in organophosphate poisoning: pinpoint pupils, profuse secretions, wheezing, bradycardia, fasciculations.
- **Intermediate syndrome** — Delayed complication of organophosphate poisoning causing proximal muscle weakness, neck flexion weakness, and respiratory insufficiency.
- **Doubling protocol** — Atropine dosing strategy that rapidly escalates the dose by doubling until pulmonary secretions clear and oxygenation improves.
- **Muscarinic blockade** — Peripheral and central anticholinergic effects: mydriasis, dry skin and mucous membranes, ileus, urinary retention, CNS excitation.

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