# Situation: A 22-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department after two days of vomiting, during which she stopped taking her insulin. She weighs 58 kg. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is diagnosed, and she is admitted to the intensive care unit. Isotonic saline is infusing. Her first results are shown (normal ranges: potassium 3.5–5.0 mEq/L; pH 7.35–7.45; bicarbonate 22–26 mEq/L). Glucose: 486 mg/dL (27.0 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.1 mEq/L pH: 7.12 Bicarbonate: 8 mEq/L An insulin infusion is ordered. What should the nurse do regarding the insulin infusion?

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> subject: Nursing Practice V — Care of Clients with Maladaptive Patterns of Behavior; Care of Clients with Life-Threatening Conditions, Acute Multi-Organ Problems, High Acuity and Emergency Situations

## 문제

Situation: A 22-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department after two days of vomiting, during which she stopped taking her insulin. She weighs 58 kg. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is diagnosed, and she is admitted to the intensive care unit.

Isotonic saline is infusing. Her first results are shown (normal ranges: potassium 3.5–5.0 mEq/L; pH 7.35–7.45; bicarbonate 22–26 mEq/L).
Glucose: 486 mg/dL (27.0 mmol/L)
Potassium: 3.1 mEq/L
pH: 7.12
Bicarbonate: 8 mEq/L
An insulin infusion is ordered. What should the nurse do regarding the insulin infusion?

## 보기

1. Start it now and add potassium to the next liter of saline
2. Give sodium bicarbonate first, then start it at the full rate
3. Start it at half the ordered rate until potassium is rechecked
4. Replace potassium first; start it once potassium is 3.5 mEq/L **✔ 정답**

**정답: 4**

## 해설

Insulin moves potassium into cells, so starting it while potassium is below 3.5 mEq/L can cause dangerous hypokalemia and dysrhythmias. The rule is to replace potassium and delay insulin until the level reaches 3.5 mEq/L. Bicarbonate is not routine in DKA and is reserved for a pH below 7.0; her pH is 7.12.

## 심화 해설

Why insulin is held until potassium is corrected

In DKA, the patient is profoundly insulin-deficient and hyperglycemic, but total body potassium is actually depleted because osmotic diuresis and vomiting have washed out large amounts of potassium. The serum potassium of 3.1 mEq/L is misleadingly reassuring at first glance, because acidosis shifts potassium out of cells into the extracellular space. Once insulin is started, it drives potassium back into cells along with glucose, and the serum potassium can fall rapidly.

Starting an insulin infusion while potassium is below 3.5 mEq/L can precipitate life-threatening hypokalemia, including ventricular dysrhythmias and respiratory muscle weakness. The safe sequence is therefore to replace potassium first and delay insulin until the potassium has risen to at least 3.5 mEq/L. This is the core reason the correct answer is to hold insulin temporarily while potassium is being replaced.

Watch out! The presence of severe hyperglycemia (486 mg/dL) and acidosis (pH 7.12) can tempt a clinician to start insulin immediately. However, insulin without adequate potassium is more immediately dangerous than a short delay in insulin administration. The hyperglycemia and acidosis are serious, but they are being addressed with isotonic saline and will be corrected once potassium is safe.

Why bicarbonate is not the priority

Sodium bicarbonate is not a routine part of DKA management. The acidosis in DKA is primarily due to ketoacid accumulation, and insulin plus fluid resuscitation reverses the underlying process. Bicarbonate administration is generally reserved for extreme acidemia, typically a pH below 7.0, because it can cause paradoxical cerebrospinal fluid acidosis, hypokalemia, and fluid overload. In this patient, the pH is 7.12, which is severe but does not meet the threshold for bicarbonate therapy. The case report by Filippelli and colleagues describes a patient with extreme acidemia (pH 6.8–7.0) who was managed without bicarbonate, reinforcing that even very low pH does not automatically require bicarbonate when the clinical picture is otherwise stable [1].

Insulin dosing and timing in context

The traditional insulin infusion rate for DKA is 0.1 units/kg/h, although recent evidence suggests that lower doses may be non-inferior with a better safety profile . Regardless of the dose chosen, the timing relative to potassium correction remains the same: insulin should not be started until potassium is at least 3.5 mEq/L. The retrospective study by Chung and colleagues examined how quickly acidosis corrects after resuscitation begins, but the sequence of potassium replacement before insulin is a foundational safety step that precedes any discussion of recovery speed .

| Intervention | When it is appropriate | Rationale |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Insulin infusion | After potassium is at least 3.5 mEq/L | Insulin shifts potassium into cells; starting it with low potassium risks dangerous hypokalemia and dysrhythmias |
| Potassium replacement | Immediately when potassium is below 3.5 mEq/L and urine output is adequate | Total body potassium is depleted in DKA; serum level will fall further once insulin is started |
| Sodium bicarbonate | Generally only if pH is below 7.0 or severe hyperkalemia with ECG changes | Not routine; may worsen intracellular acidosis and hypokalemia; insulin corrects the underlying ketoacidosis |

Clinical priority in this scenario

The patient has a potassium of 3.1 mEq/L, which is below the threshold for safe insulin initiation. The nurse should recognize that the ordered insulin infusion must be temporarily held while potassium is replaced. This is not a medication error or a refusal of treatment; it is the correct application of DKA management guidelines. The electronic order set study by Mitwally and colleagues emphasizes that DKA care requires timely insulin administration and dynamic electrolyte management, but the electrolyte correction must come first when potassium is critically low .

The sequence is: replace potassium, recheck the level, and start insulin only when potassium reaches 3.5 mEq/L or higher. Starting insulin at half the ordered rate is not appropriate, because even a reduced dose will still drive potassium into cells and worsen hypokalemia. Adding potassium to the next liter of saline while starting insulin now is also unsafe, because the insulin effect on potassium begins immediately while the potassium infusion takes time to raise the serum level.

Key point! A low serum potassium in DKA reflects severe total body potassium depletion, and the serum level will drop further once insulin is started. Potassium replacement always precedes insulin when potassium is below 3.5 mEq/L.References (research sources)

- [1]Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Extreme Acidemia and Preserved Consciousness: Intensive Care Management Guided by Pathophysiology Without Bicarbonate or Intubation.Research articleFilippelli OSG, Procopio D, Giglio AM, Pezzi M, Faragò S. (2026) · DOI: 10.7759/cureus.108038

## 임상 시나리오

DKA Insulin Start: Potassium FirstHold insulin until potassium is at least 3.5 mEq/L
In DKA, total body potassium is depleted despite a normal or low-normal serum level because acidosis shifts potassium out of cells. Starting insulin drives potassium back into cells and can cause life-threatening hypokalemia and ventricular dysrhythmias.

With serum potassium 3.1 mEq/L, replace potassium first and delay insulin until potassium is ≥3.5 mEq/L. Isotonic saline continues for volume and glucose dilution during this brief hold.

CautionDo not give sodium bicarbonate for pH 7.12; bicarbonate is reserved for pH <7.0. Hyperglycemia 486 mg/dL is serious but less immediately dangerous than insulin-induced hypokalemia.

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## 핵심 개념

- **DKA** — Diabetic ketoacidosis; insulin deficiency causing hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, osmotic diuresis, and total body potassium depletion
- **Insulin-mediated potassium shift** — Insulin activates Na+/K+-ATPase, moving potassium from extracellular to intracellular space, which can rapidly lower serum potassium
- **Hypokalemia threshold in DKA** — Insulin should be withheld until serum potassium is at least 3.5 mEq/L to avoid life-threatening dysrhythmias
- **Acidosis and potassium** — Acidosis shifts potassium out of cells, masking total body potassium depletion; correction of acidosis can unmask hypokalemia
- **Bicarbonate in DKA** — Not routine; reserved for severe acidosis with pH below 7.0

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