# Situation: A 52-year-old man is admitted to the surgical ward at 08:00 for an elective hernia repair scheduled in 3 days. His wife reports that he has drunk alcohol heavily every day for 10 years, and his last drink was at 22:00 the night before admission. He has no seizure disorder and takes no regular medicines. On the morning of the third hospital day, 58 hours after his last drink, the nurse records these findings: Temperature 38.3 °C; pulse 128/min; blood pressure 170/104 mmHg; heavy sweating Knows his name but not the day or the place Drowsy one moment and agitated the next; cannot keep his attention on a question Says insects are crawling on the sheets and picks at them He walks to the bathroom with help; eye movements not yet examined No seizure observed since admission Which condition do these findings MOST likely indicate?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
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> language: ko  
> subject: Nursing Practice V — Care of Clients with Maladaptive Patterns of Behavior; Care of Clients with Life-Threatening Conditions, Acute Multi-Organ Problems, High Acuity and Emergency Situations

## 문제

Situation: A 52-year-old man is admitted to the surgical ward at 08:00 for an elective hernia repair scheduled in 3 days. His wife reports that he has drunk alcohol heavily every day for 10 years, and his last drink was at 22:00 the night before admission. He has no seizure disorder and takes no regular medicines.

On the morning of the third hospital day, 58 hours after his last drink, the nurse records these findings:
Temperature 38.3 °C; pulse 128/min; blood pressure 170/104 mmHg; heavy sweating
Knows his name but not the day or the place
Drowsy one moment and agitated the next; cannot keep his attention on a question
Says insects are crawling on the sheets and picks at them
He walks to the bathroom with help; eye movements not yet examined
No seizure observed since admission
Which condition do these findings MOST likely indicate?

## 보기

1. Alcoholic hallucinosis
2. Wernicke encephalopathy
3. Delirium tremens **✔ 정답**
4. Korsakoff syndrome

**정답: 3**

## 해설

Delirium tremens develops later in alcohol withdrawal and combines disturbed consciousness and attention, disorientation, visual or tactile hallucinations, and severe autonomic hyperactivity with fever. It is a medical emergency that calls for prompt notification and close monitoring. Confusion with an unsteady gait could suggest Wernicke encephalopathy, but fever with marked tachycardia, hypertension, and heavy sweating point to withdrawal delirium, and alcoholic hallucinosis keeps a clear sensorium.

## 심화 해설

Clinical picture and timing

The findings appear 58 hours after the last drink, which is the classic window for delirium tremens (DT). DT is not early alcohol withdrawal; it emerges later, usually 48–96 hours after cessation or sharp reduction of heavy alcohol intake [1][2]. The patient shows the three core domains of DT: severe autonomic hyperactivity, fluctuating global brain dysfunction, and perceptual disturbance.

Why this is delirium tremens

The autonomic features are striking: temperature 38.3 °C, pulse 128/min, blood pressure 170/104 mmHg, and heavy sweating. These reflect the hyperadrenergic state that defines DT and makes it a medical emergency [4]. At the same time, the patient has clouded consciousness with drowsiness alternating with agitation, cannot sustain attention, and is disoriented to time and place. Tactile hallucinations—insects crawling on the sheets—are a hallmark sensory disturbance of withdrawal delirium [2][3]. The combination of fever, marked tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, fluctuating consciousness, and tactile hallucinations is the signature of delirium tremens.

Differentiating from the other options

| Condition | Sensorium | Autonomic hyperactivity | Hallucinations | Typical timing |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Delirium tremens | Clouded, fluctuating | Severe: fever, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis | Visual and tactile, often frightening | 48–96 hours after last drink |
| Alcoholic hallucinosis | Clear | Mild or absent | Auditory, often persecutory | 12–24 hours, may persist |
| Wernicke encephalopathy | Confusion, but classically without severe autonomic storm | Not prominent | Not typical | Any time with thiamine deficiency |
| Korsakoff syndrome | Clear, with anterograde amnesia and confabulation | Absent | Absent | Chronic, after Wernicke |

Watch out! Alcoholic hallucinosis does not impair the sensorium; the patient remains alert and oriented. This patient is disoriented and drowsy, which rules out alcoholic hallucinosis.

Key point! Wernicke encephalopathy can cause confusion and gait ataxia, but the triad of fever, severe tachycardia, and hypertension is not explained by thiamine deficiency alone. The autonomic storm points to DT.

Pathophysiology and clinical priority

Chronic heavy alcohol use suppresses inhibitory GABA transmission and upregulates excitatory glutamate pathways. When alcohol is removed, the brain loses its usual depressant, and the excitatory system becomes unopposed. This produces the hyperadrenergic surge—tachycardia, hypertension, fever, diaphoresis—and the fluctuating delirium [2][4]. DT carries a mortality around 8% when untreated or poorly managed [1]. DT is a medical emergency requiring prompt notification, close monitoring of vital signs, and early benzodiazepine therapy.

The patient’s inability to state the day or place, combined with picking at the sheets, reflects the sensory and cognitive disturbances that fluctuate over the course of the day, a feature emphasized in clinical descriptions of alcohol withdrawal delirium [2][3]. The unsteady gait requiring help could raise concern for Wernicke encephalopathy, but in this context it is more likely part of the global delirium and autonomic instability. Eye movement examination, when performed, would help exclude Wernicke, but the dominant clinical picture is DT.

Nursing implications

The priority is safety and physiological stabilization. The patient should be placed in a quiet, well-lit environment to reduce sensory misinterpretation. Vital signs require frequent monitoring because autonomic instability can progress rapidly. Intravenous access, hydration, and thiamine administration are standard supportive measures, while benzodiazepines remain the mainstay of symptomatic treatment for agitation and autonomic hyperactivity [1][3]. A patient with suspected DT must not be left unattended, and the provider must be notified immediately. Seizure precautions are also appropriate, although this patient has not seized. The absence of seizure does not reduce the likelihood of DT; DT and withdrawal seizures are separate manifestations of the same hyperexcitable state.References (research sources)

- [1][Delirium tremens].Research articleKarila L, Zarmdini R, Lejoyeux M (2014)

- [2]Alcohol withdrawal delirium - diagnosis, course and treatment.Research articleMainerova B, Prasko J, Latalova K, Axmann K, Cerna M, Horacek R (2015) · DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.089

- [3]Successful treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal delirium with very high-dose diazepam (260-480 mg) administration.Research articleKorkmaz ŞA, Aldemir E, Güleç Öyekçin D. (2024) · DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2313687

- [4]Delirium tremens.Research articleErwin WE, Williams DB, Speir WA (1998) · DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199805000-00003

## 임상 시나리오

Delirium Tremens RecognitionLate alcohol withdrawal emergency
Delirium tremens typically emerges 48–96 hours after the last drink, not in early withdrawal. Suspect it when a patient with heavy alcohol use develops fluctuating consciousness plus severe autonomic hyperactivity: fever, tachycardia, hypertension, and profuse sweating.

Hallucinations in DT are often visual or tactile—such as insects crawling on the skin—unlike alcoholic hallucinosis, which is typically auditory with a clear sensorium. Document vital signs, orientation, attention, and any perceptual disturbance at frequent intervals.

CautionDelirium tremens is a medical emergency. Notify the provider immediately, initiate continuous monitoring, and prepare for seizure precautions and possible pharmacologic management. Do not mistake the confusion and unsteady gait for Wernicke encephalopathy alone when fever and marked autonomic instability are present.

## 핵심 개념

- **Delirium tremens** — Severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome occurring 48-96 hours after last drink, characterized by autonomic hyperactivity, fluctuating consciousness, and hallucinations.
- **Autonomic hyperactivity** — Hyperadrenergic state with fever, tachycardia, hypertension, and diaphoresis seen in severe withdrawal.
- **Tactile hallucinations** — False sensations of touch, such as insects crawling on skin, characteristic of delirium tremens.
- **Alcoholic hallucinosis** — Alcohol withdrawal condition with auditory hallucinations but a clear sensorium and minimal autonomic signs.
- **Wernicke encephalopathy** — Thiamine deficiency disorder causing confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia, without severe autonomic hyperactivity.

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