# Situation: A 61-year-old woman with lung cancer that has spread to the bones is admitted to the oncology ward for symptom control. Her goal is to stay comfortable. In her last days, she has air hunger at rest. Her oxygen saturation is 94% on room air, her lungs have no wheezes or crackles, and she has no edema. Which measure should the nurse expect to relieve her breathlessness MOST?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
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> subject: Nursing Practice III — Care of Clients with Problems in Surgery, Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations

## 문제

Situation: A 61-year-old woman with lung cancer that has spread to the bones is admitted to the oncology ward for symptom control. Her goal is to stay comfortable.

In her last days, she has air hunger at rest. Her oxygen saturation is 94% on room air, her lungs have no wheezes or crackles, and she has no edema. Which measure should the nurse expect to relieve her breathlessness MOST?

## 보기

1. A low-dose opioid titrated to comfort **✔ 정답**
2. Nebulized salbutamol every 4 hours
3. Oxygen at 6 L/min by simple face mask
4. Intravenous furosemide 40 mg once

**정답: 1**

## 해설

In palliative care, low-dose opioids reduce the sensation of air hunger and are the most effective drug for dyspnea at the end of life, together with a fan to the face, upright positioning, and a calm presence. Oxygen is used when the client is hypoxemic and it helps; her saturation is 94%.

## 심화 해설

Core concept

This question tests the palliative management of refractory dyspnea at the end of life. The key distinction is between treating hypoxemia and treating the sensation of air hunger. A patient can have acceptable oxygen saturation yet still experience severe, distressing breathlessness because dyspnea is a subjective, multidimensional symptom that correlates only weakly with physiologic measures such as oxygen saturation or lung sounds [4].

Why the correct answer is low-dose opioid

In palliative care, low-dose opioids are the most effective pharmacological intervention for reducing the sensation of air hunger in patients with refractory dyspnea [2][4]. Opioids act centrally to reduce the perception of breathlessness without necessarily changing respiratory rate or oxygenation. They blunt the brainstem and cortical response to the uncomfortable drive to breathe, which is why they are titrated to comfort rather than to a specific respiratory parameter. A systematic review and meta-analysis supports the use of opioids for dyspnea in cancer patients, noting that they improve symptom burden when the underlying cause cannot be reversed [2]. In acute crisis situations, rapid intravenous opioid titration has been used in real-world palliative care settings to manage both pain and dyspnea crises, with attention to short-term symptom relief and tolerability [1].

Why the other options are less appropriate

| Option | Rationale | Why it is not the best choice here |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oxygen at 6 L/min | Oxygen is indicated when the patient is hypoxemic and the oxygen demonstrably relieves dyspnea. | This patient has an oxygen saturation of 94% on room air, which is not clinically significant hypoxemia. Routine oxygen for non-hypoxemic dyspnea has not been shown to improve the sensation of breathlessness and may create unnecessary burden [4]. |
| Nebulized salbutamol | Bronchodilators are used for reversible bronchoconstriction with wheezing or airflow obstruction. | The patient has no wheezes or crackles, so there is no evidence of bronchospasm. Salbutamol would not address the central perception of air hunger. |
| Intravenous furosemide | Diuretics are used for pulmonary edema or fluid overload causing dyspnea. | The patient has no edema and clear lung sounds, making fluid overload unlikely. Furosemide would risk dehydration and hypotension without benefit. |

Clinical application

The nurse should anticipate an order for a low-dose opioid titrated to comfort, often morphine or an equivalent agent, starting at a low dose and adjusted based on the patient’s self-reported dyspnea and sedation level. Nonpharmacologic measures such as a fan blowing air across the face, upright positioning, and a calm environment are used alongside the opioid because they reduce the work of breathing and the anxiety that amplifies dyspnea. Key point! Dyspnea is a subjective symptom; the nurse assesses it by asking the patient to rate their breathlessness, not by relying solely on oxygen saturation or respiratory rate [4]. Watch out! Opioid titration in palliative dyspnea is guided by comfort and respiratory depression monitoring, but the goal is relief of air hunger, not normalization of a number. Prescribing practices for dyspnea remain heterogeneous across settings, so the nurse’s role includes advocating for symptom-focused titration and documenting the patient’s response .References (research sources)

- [1]Rapid intravenous opioid titration for acute symptom crises in palliative care: a real-world retrospective study.Research articleNasrinfar K, Simonet V, Trippini A, Bosia T, Bruera E, Gamondi C. (2026) · DOI: 10.1007/s00520-026-11245-1

- [2]Opioids for the management of dyspnea in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewTakagi Y, Sato J, Yamamoto Y, Matsunuma R, Watanabe H, Mori M (2023) · DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02362-6

- [4]Management of dyspnea in palliative care.Research articleCrombeen AM, Lilly EJ (2020) · DOI: 10.3747/co.27.6413

## 임상 시나리오

End-of-Life Dyspnea ManagementTreat the sensation, not just the saturation
For refractory air hunger in palliative care, low-dose opioids are the most effective drug because they reduce the central perception of breathlessness. Titrate to comfort, not to respiratory rate or SpO2.

A patient can have SpO2 94% and clear lungs yet still feel severe dyspnea. Oxygen is only indicated when the patient is hypoxemic and oxygen actually relieves symptoms.

CautionDo not give bronchodilators for clear lungs or diuretics for no edema. Combine opioids with non-drug measures such as a fan to the face, upright positioning, and a calm presence.

## 핵심 개념

- **refractory dyspnea** — Breathlessness that persists despite optimal treatment of the underlying cause, common in advanced cancer and managed symptomatically.
- **air hunger** — A subjective sensation of needing more air that can occur even with normal oxygen saturation and clear lungs.
- **palliative opioid titration** — Gradual dose adjustment of opioids to the lowest dose that relieves dyspnea or pain without unacceptable side effects.

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