# Situation: The nurse works in a hospital chemotherapy day unit that treats adults with solid tumors. During a peripheral intravenous push of vinblastine, a client reports burning at the site, which is swollen, and there is no blood return. In what order should the nurse carry out these actions? 1. Remove the catheter 2. Stop the injection 3. Aspirate residual drug through the catheter 4. Give hyaluronidase and apply a warm compress as ordered

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> subject: Nursing Practice III — Care of Clients with Problems in Surgery, Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations

## 문제

Situation: The nurse works in a hospital chemotherapy day unit that treats adults with solid tumors.

During a peripheral intravenous push of vinblastine, a client reports burning at the site, which is swollen, and there is no blood return. In what order should the nurse carry out these actions?
1. Remove the catheter
2. Stop the injection
3. Aspirate residual drug through the catheter
4. Give hyaluronidase and apply a warm compress as ordered

## 보기

1. 2, 1, 3, 4
2. 2, 3, 1, 4 **✔ 정답**
3. 3, 2, 1, 4
4. 2, 4, 3, 1

**정답: 2**

## 해설

For vesicant extravasation, the nurse first stops the injection, then leaves the catheter in place and aspirates residual drug, and only then removes the catheter. For vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine, hyaluronidase is given and warm compresses are applied as ordered to disperse the drug.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Clinical Scenario

The client is receiving vinblastine, a vinca alkaloid classified as a vesicant. Vesicants are agents that can cause severe tissue necrosis, blistering, and ulceration if they leak outside the vein into surrounding tissue. The client’s report of burning at the site, visible swelling, and absence of blood return strongly suggests extravasation—the unintended leakage of a vesicant into perivascular or subcutaneous tissue [1][2]. This is an oncologic emergency requiring immediate, sequenced intervention to minimize tissue damage.

The correct sequence is: stop the injection first, then aspirate residual drug through the catheter while it remains in place, then remove the catheter, and finally administer hyaluronidase with warm compresses as ordered. This order reflects the principle of halting further injury before attempting drug recovery, and only then removing the access device.

Step-by-Step Rationale for the Sequence

| Step | Action | Rationale |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Stop the injection | Immediately halts further instillation of the vesicant into tissue, limiting the total volume of drug that can cause injury. This is the universal first action in any suspected extravasation [1][2]. |
| 2 | Aspirate residual drug through the catheter | The catheter tip may still lie within or near the extravasation pocket. Gentle aspiration can remove some of the leaked drug, reducing the local drug burden before the catheter is withdrawn [1][3]. |
| 3 | Remove the catheter | Only after aspiration is the catheter removed. Removing it first would eliminate the only route for recovering residual drug and could spread the vesicant along the catheter tract [2][3]. |
| 4 | Give hyaluronidase and apply a warm compress as ordered | For vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine, hyaluronidase is the specific antidote. It degrades hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix, dispersing the drug and facilitating its absorption. Warm compresses promote vasodilation and further dispersion [1][3]. |

Watch out! Do not remove the catheter before aspirating. The catheter is the only conduit for recovering residual vesicant. Removing it first forfeits that opportunity and may drag the drug through healthy tissue.

Key point! The antidote and temperature modality are drug-specific. Vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine) require hyaluronidase plus warm compresses. In contrast, anthracyclines (e.g., doxorubicin) are managed with dexrazoxane and cold compresses, and cold is also used for some other vesicants to limit cellular uptake [1][3].

Why Hyaluronidase and Warm Compresses for Vinblastine

Vinblastine binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly, but its vesicant injury is driven largely by local tissue persistence and inflammation. Hyaluronidase enzymatically breaks down hyaluronic acid, a major component of the interstitial matrix, creating channels that allow the leaked vinblastine to diffuse away from the injection site and be absorbed systemically. Warm compresses enhance this effect by increasing local blood flow and capillary permeability, which accelerates drug dispersion and reduces the concentration gradient at the injury site [1][3].

This contrasts with anthracycline extravasation, where the drug binds to DNA in local cells and cold compresses are used to cause vasoconstriction, limiting further drug uptake and containing the injury. For vinca alkaloids, the goal is dispersion rather than containment, which is why warm—not cold—is indicated [1][3].

Clinical Priority and Nursing Implications

The sequence reflects a hierarchy of harm reduction. Stopping the infusion is the highest priority because every second of continued injection adds more vesicant to the tissue. Aspiration is second because it can actively remove drug, but only if the catheter is still in place. Catheter removal is third because it is necessary but should not precede attempts at drug recovery. Pharmacologic and physical interventions are last because they address the drug that could not be removed mechanically [1][2][3].

Early detection is critical. The nurse must recognize burning, swelling, and absent blood return as cardinal signs of extravasation and act without delay. Delayed intervention increases the risk of progression to ulceration, necrosis, and potential need for surgical debridement [1][3]. Documentation should include the time of onset, estimated volume extravasated, appearance of the site, interventions performed, and the prescriber notified.References (research sources)

- [1]ONS/ASCO Guideline on the Management of Antineoplastic Extravasation.GuidelineThomas T, Clark C, Backler C, Bohlke K, Centofanti D, Jotwani AC (2025) · DOI: 10.1188/25.CJON.384-399

- [2]Extravasation associated with cancer drug therapy: multidisciplinary guideline of the Japanese Society of Cancer Nursing, Japanese Society of Medical Oncology, and Japanese Society of Pharmaceutical Oncology.GuidelineMatsumoto K, Ryushima Y, Sato J, Aizawa Y, Aoyama T, Akaishi Y, Okamoto R, Sato Y, Sugano K, Tazumi K, Tsuji M, Fujikawa N, Bun S, Yagasaki K. (2024) · DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103932

- [3]Chemotherapy extravasation: diagnosis, prevention and management.Research articleDuminuco A, Novello G, Mauro E, Scalisi E, Del Fabro V, Sambataro D (2026) · DOI: 10.1080/1120009X.2025.2488599

## 임상 시나리오

Vesicant Extravasation ResponseImmediate sequencing for vinblastine leakage
When a vesicant such as vinblastine extravasates, the first action is to stop the injection immediately to limit the total drug volume entering the tissue. Burning, swelling, and absence of blood return are key indicators of extravasation.

After stopping the infusion, aspirate residual drug through the catheter while it remains in place. This may remove some of the leaked drug and reduce the local drug burden. Only after aspiration should the catheter be removed.

For vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine, administer hyaluronidase and apply warm compresses as ordered to disperse the drug and minimize tissue damage.

CautionDo not remove the catheter before aspirating residual drug. Removing it first eliminates the only route for withdrawing the vesicant from the extravasation site and may worsen tissue injury.

## 핵심 개념

- **Vesicant** — An agent capable of causing severe tissue necrosis, blistering, and ulceration if it leaks outside the vein.
- **Extravasation** — Unintended leakage of a vesicant drug into perivascular or subcutaneous tissue.
- **Vinblastine** — A vinca alkaloid vesicant chemotherapy agent used for solid tumors.
- **Hyaluronidase** — An enzyme antidote used for vinca alkaloid extravasation to help disperse the drug.
- **Blood return** — Backflow of blood into the catheter upon aspiration, indicating the catheter tip is within the vein.

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