# Situation: A 68-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes is admitted to the medical ward with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). She is on day 6 of her symptoms and is receiving oxygen by nasal cannula at 2 L/min. The provider writes these orders for her. Which order should the nurse question?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629922  
> language: ko  
> subject: Nursing Practice III — Care of Clients with Problems in Surgery, Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations

## 문제

Situation: A 68-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes is admitted to the medical ward with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). She is on day 6 of her symptoms and is receiving oxygen by nasal cannula at 2 L/min.

The provider writes these orders for her. Which order should the nurse question?

## 보기

1. Correctional insulin guided by capillary blood glucose
2. Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir orally twice daily for 5 days **✔ 정답**
3. Remdesivir intravenously, with liver enzyme monitoring
4. Dexamethasone 6 mg orally once daily

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Two rules apply together. Hospitalized clients who need oxygen receive dexamethasone, with remdesivir or immunomodulators per protocol, and steroid-induced hyperglycemia in a client with diabetes calls for insulin coverage. Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir is for high-risk outpatients started within 5 days of symptoms; she is hospitalized on oxygen and on day 6, and ritonavir also carries many serious drug interactions.

## 심화 해설

Core clinical reasoning

This client is 68 years old with type 2 diabetes, is hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19, is on day 6 of symptoms, and requires supplemental oxygen. These details place her in the category of severe or progressive COVID-19 requiring hospital-level care, not mild outpatient illness. Treatment selection depends on this distinction.

Key point! Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir is an oral antiviral authorized for high-risk outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who do not require hospitalization or supplemental oxygen. The order to give it to a hospitalized patient on oxygen at day 6 falls outside the intended use and should be questioned.

Why the other orders are appropriate

Dexamethasone 6 mg orally once daily is the standard anti-inflammatory intervention for hospitalized patients who require oxygen. The systemic corticosteroid reduces hyperinflammation and improves survival in this subgroup. In a client with diabetes, glucocorticoid therapy predictably worsens hyperglycemia, so correctional insulin guided by capillary blood glucose is a logical and expected companion order. Steroid-induced hyperglycemia in a patient with diabetes requires proactive insulin coverage, and the nurse should anticipate glucose elevations rather than view the insulin order as unusual.

Remdesivir intravenously is an antiviral option for hospitalized patients with COVID-19, particularly those requiring low-flow oxygen. Because remdesivir can affect hepatic enzymes, monitoring liver enzymes during therapy is a standard safety measure, not a reason to question the order.

Timing and drug-interaction concerns with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir

Two separate problems make the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir order inappropriate here. First, the 5-day symptom window has passed; the client is on day 6. Second, the ritonavir component is a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, which creates numerous clinically significant drug interactions. In a hospitalized older adult with diabetes, the risk of interacting with medications used for glycemic control, cardiovascular conditions, or other comorbidities is substantial. Watch out! Ritonavir-boosted regimens require a thorough medication reconciliation before prescribing, and this is rarely feasible or appropriate in the acute inpatient oxygen-requiring setting.

How the evidence frames this decision

Guideline-based recommendations consistently separate outpatient and inpatient COVID-19 treatment pathways. The ESCMID living guideline and the Brazilian joint guideline both structure recommendations around disease severity and care setting . Antiviral agents such as nirmatrelvir–ritonavir are positioned for early outpatient use in high-risk individuals, whereas hospitalized patients requiring oxygen are managed with corticosteroids and, when indicated, intravenous antivirals or immunomodulators . A 2024 review of COVID-19 therapeutics reiterates that antiviral efficacy is time-sensitive and that treatment choice must account for the phase of illness and the patient’s clinical status . The 2025 AGIHO guideline similarly emphasizes early therapeutic intervention for vulnerable populations, but within the context of preventing progression in patients who are not yet requiring hospital-level oxygen support .

| Order | Appropriate for this client? | Rationale |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Correctional insulin guided by capillary blood glucose | Yes | Anticipates dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in a patient with type 2 diabetes |
| Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir orally twice daily for 5 days | No | Intended for high-risk outpatients within 5 days of symptom onset; client is hospitalized, on oxygen, and on day 6 |
| Remdesivir intravenously with liver enzyme monitoring | Yes | Antiviral option for hospitalized patients on low-flow oxygen; hepatic monitoring is standard |
| Dexamethasone 6 mg orally once daily | Yes | Standard anti-inflammatory therapy for hospitalized patients requiring oxygen |

The nurse should question the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir order because it is mismatched to both the care setting and the timing of illness. The client’s oxygen requirement defines her as needing inpatient COVID-19 treatment, and the day-6 timeline places her beyond the early antiviral window for this oral agent.

## 임상 시나리오

COVID-19 Inpatient PharmacotherapyMatching treatment to severity and timing
Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is reserved for high-risk outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, started within 5 days of symptom onset. It is not indicated for hospitalized patients requiring supplemental oxygen.

For hospitalized patients on oxygen, dexamethasone 6 mg daily is standard, often with remdesivir. Expect steroid-induced hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes and anticipate correctional insulin orders.

CautionRitonavir has numerous serious drug interactions. Always verify indication, timing, and oxygen status before administering nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in the inpatient setting.

## 핵심 개념

- **Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir** — Oral antiviral for high-risk outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, started within 5 days of symptom onset; not for hospitalized patients on oxygen.
- **Dexamethasone** — Systemic corticosteroid that reduces hyperinflammation and improves survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen.
- **Remdesivir** — Intravenous antiviral for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially those on low-flow oxygen; requires liver enzyme monitoring.
- **Steroid-induced hyperglycemia** — Glucocorticoid therapy predictably elevates blood glucose, requiring proactive insulin coverage in patients with diabetes.
- **Correctional insulin** — Insulin dosing guided by capillary blood glucose readings to manage hyperglycemia.

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