# Situation: A 31-year-old man was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and chronic hepatitis B at the same visit. He is enrolled at a treatment hub and starts one tablet of tenofovir–lamivudine–dolutegravir once daily. He works rotating day and night shifts at a call center and lives with his female partner, whose hepatitis B status is unknown. He says he often takes an aluminum–magnesium antacid for heartburn during night shifts. Which instruction should the nurse give?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
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> subject: Nursing Practice III — Care of Clients with Problems in Surgery, Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations

## 문제

Situation: A 31-year-old man was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and chronic hepatitis B at the same visit. He is enrolled at a treatment hub and starts one tablet of tenofovir–lamivudine–dolutegravir once daily. He works rotating day and night shifts at a call center and lives with his female partner, whose hepatitis B status is unknown.

He says he often takes an aluminum–magnesium antacid for heartburn during night shifts. Which instruction should the nurse give?

## 보기

1. Take the tablet 2 hours after a dose of the antacid
2. Skip the tablet on nights he needs the antacid, then resume
3. Take the tablet at least 2 hours before a dose of the antacid **✔ 정답**
4. Take the antacid together with the tablet to protect his stomach

**정답: 3**

## 해설

Dolutegravir binds to aluminum and magnesium, which lowers its absorption. It is taken at least 2 hours before, or 6 hours after, an antacid containing these metals. Taking it only 2 hours after the antacid is not enough separation, and skipping doses risks viral rebound and resistance.

## 심화 해설

Core issue: drug–drug interaction between dolutegravir and an aluminum–magnesium antacid

The prescription is a single-tablet regimen combining tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, and dolutegravir. The interaction that drives this question is specific to dolutegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Dolutegravir requires an acidic gastric environment for optimal dissolution and absorption. Aluminum- and magnesium-containing antacids raise gastric pH and also form insoluble chelates with dolutegravir in the gastrointestinal tract. The result is a clinically significant reduction in dolutegravir absorption, which can lower plasma drug levels below the therapeutic threshold and compromise virologic suppression.

The nurse should instruct the patient to take the antacid at least 2 hours after dolutegravir, or at least 6 hours before dolutegravir. In the options, taking the tablet at least 2 hours before the antacid is the only timing that satisfies the separation requirement.

| Timing option | Interval from dolutegravir to antacid | Safety of dolutegravir absorption |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Take tablet 2 hours after antacid | Antacid first, then dolutegravir 2 hours later | Inadequate; antacid is still buffering gastric acid and metal ions remain in the gut |
| Take tablet at least 2 hours before antacid | Dolutegravir first, then antacid 2 hours later | Acceptable; dolutegravir has time to dissolve and be absorbed before antacid raises pH |
| Take antacid together with tablet | Simultaneous | Unsafe; maximum chelation and pH elevation occur together |
| Skip tablet when antacid is needed | Missed dose | Unsafe; intermittent dosing promotes viral rebound and integrase inhibitor resistance |

Watch out! The separation interval is not symmetric. Dolutegravir should be separated from aluminum/magnesium antacids by 2 hours before or 6 hours after the antacid. The longer “after” interval exists because the antacid continues to buffer gastric acid and retains metal ions in the upper GI tract for several hours.

Key point! This interaction applies specifically to dolutegravir and other integrase inhibitors such as bictegravir and raltegravir. Tenofovir and lamivudine do not have the same clinically important chelation interaction with aluminum or magnesium, so the instruction is driven by the dolutegravir component of the combination tablet.

The patient’s rotating shift work and nighttime heartburn make adherence planning especially important. Rather than advising him to skip doses, the nurse can help him schedule the antacid at a time that is separated from the daily HIV tablet. For example, if he takes the HIV tablet at a fixed time each day, the antacid can be taken either 2 hours after that dose or 6 hours before the next dose. Skipping the tablet is never an acceptable strategy because even brief interruptions in antiretroviral therapy can allow HIV replication to resume and select for drug-resistant virus.

The partner’s unknown hepatitis B status is a separate concern that requires testing and possible vaccination, but it does not change the antacid instruction. The hepatitis B component of the regimen is covered by tenofovir and lamivudine, both of which have activity against hepatitis B virus. However, the antacid interaction remains specific to dolutegravir, so the timing instruction is the same regardless of hepatitis B coinfection.

A practical alternative for a patient who needs frequent antacid use is to switch to an antacid that does not contain aluminum or magnesium, such as a calcium carbonate preparation, or to use an H2-receptor antagonist or proton pump inhibitor if clinically appropriate. If the patient continues using the aluminum–magnesium product, the separation interval must be maintained consistently.

## 임상 시나리오

Dolutegravir and Antacid TimingPreventing drug interaction in HIV care
Dolutegravir needs an acidic gastric environment for absorption. Aluminum–magnesium antacids raise gastric pH and form insoluble chelates with dolutegravir, reducing its absorption and risking virologic failure.

Instruct the patient to take the antiretroviral tablet at least 2 hours before the antacid, or 6 hours after the antacid. Taking the tablet only 2 hours after the antacid is inadequate separation.

CautionNever advise skipping doses of the antiretroviral regimen to accommodate antacid use; missed doses can lead to viral rebound and drug resistance. Assess all over-the-counter medications during each visit.

## 핵심 개념

- **Dolutegravir** — An integrase strand transfer inhibitor used in HIV treatment that requires an acidic gastric environment and can chelate with metal cations, reducing absorption when taken with aluminum–magnesium antacids.
- **Aluminum–magnesium antacid** — An over-the-counter antacid that raises gastric pH and contains metal ions that bind dolutegravir in the gastrointestinal tract, impairing its absorption.
- **Drug–drug interaction** — A pharmacokinetic interaction where one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another, potentially compromising efficacy or safety.
- **Virologic suppression** — Reduction of HIV viral load to undetectable levels through consistent antiretroviral therapy; subtherapeutic drug levels can lead to loss of suppression.
- **Single-tablet regimen** — A fixed-dose combination of multiple antiretroviral drugs in one tablet, such as tenofovir–lamivudine–dolutegravir, to simplify dosing and improve adherence.

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