# Situation: A 55-year-old woman is scheduled for an elective open cholecystectomy in 4 weeks. At the preoperative clinic visit, she reports smoking 10 cigarettes a day for 20 years. She has type 2 diabetes controlled with metformin. She works as a bookkeeper and says she learns best by doing. On the first day after surgery, the nurse evaluates the preoperative teaching on breathing exercises. Which finding BEST shows that the teaching was effective?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629849  
> language: ko  
> subject: Nursing Practice III — Care of Clients with Problems in Surgery, Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations

## 문제

Situation: A 55-year-old woman is scheduled for an elective open cholecystectomy in 4 weeks. At the preoperative clinic visit, she reports smoking 10 cigarettes a day for 20 years. She has type 2 diabetes controlled with metformin. She works as a bookkeeper and says she learns best by doing.

On the first day after surgery, the nurse evaluates the preoperative teaching on breathing exercises. Which finding BEST shows that the teaching was effective?

## 보기

1. She explains that deep breathing prevents lung collapse
2. She showed the exercises correctly at the clinic visit
3. She does the exercises on schedule without being reminded **✔ 정답**
4. She says the clinic teaching session was clear and helpful

**정답: 3**

## 해설

The goal of preoperative teaching is that the client actually performs the exercises after surgery. Doing them on schedule without prompting shows that the skill has transferred into behavior when it matters. Knowledge, an earlier demonstration, and satisfaction are lower levels of evidence.

## 심화 해설

Core principle of preoperative teaching evaluation The best evidence that preoperative teaching on breathing exercises was effective is not what the patient *knows*, *can demonstrate*, or *feels about the session*—it is whether she actually performs the exercises independently in the postoperative period. Option 3 reflects behavioral transfer, which is the highest level of outcome in patient education evaluation.

Why option 3 is the best answer Preoperative teaching aims to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications such as atelectasis and pneumonia. Deep breathing exercises help maintain alveolar expansion and clear secretions, but only if the patient performs them consistently after surgery. The finding that the patient does the exercises on schedule without being reminded shows that the skill has become part of her routine and is not dependent on prompting from staff. This is the strongest evidence of effective teaching because it demonstrates sustained, self-initiated behavior in the actual clinical context where it matters most.

Why the other options are weaker evidence Option 1 shows knowledge—the patient can explain why deep breathing prevents lung collapse. Option 2 shows skill demonstration at the clinic visit, but performing correctly in a controlled teaching setting does not guarantee postoperative adherence. Option 4 reflects satisfaction with the teaching session, which is the lowest level of evaluation because a patient can find a session clear and still not perform the exercises. These represent lower levels on the hierarchy of learning outcomes: knowledge, competence, performance, and health outcomes. Only option 3 reaches the level of actual performance.

Postoperative context and feasibility After open cholecystectomy, pain near the right upper quadrant incision can make deep breathing uncomfortable. A patient who performs breathing exercises on schedule despite postoperative pain and fatigue demonstrates that the teaching was sufficiently motivating and practical. Research on postoperative respiratory exercises shows that feasibility varies by pain level and ease of performance, and that patients who find exercises easy and well-tolerated are more likely to continue them [1][2]. The fact that this patient performs them without reminders suggests the exercises were taught in a way that matched her learning preference—she learns best by doing—and that she found them manageable.

Learning style and teaching effectiveness The patient reported learning best by doing, which aligns with a kinesthetic or psychomotor learning preference. Effective preoperative teaching for this patient would include return demonstration and supervised practice rather than verbal explanation alone. The finding that she performs the exercises independently after surgery indicates the teaching method was matched to her learning style, which increases the likelihood of behavior change . Prehabilitation and preoperative education programs that incorporate active practice are associated with better postoperative recovery behaviors .

Evaluation framework for patient education

| Level of evaluation | What it measures | Example from this case | Strength as evidence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Reaction | Satisfaction with teaching | Option 4: says session was clear | Weakest |
| Learning | Knowledge acquisition | Option 1: explains rationale | Moderate |
| Behavior | Skill performance in real setting | Option 2: demonstration at clinic | Stronger but still simulated |
| Results | Sustained behavior change after surgery | Option 3: performs on schedule without prompting | Strongest |

Watch out! Do not confuse return demonstration at the clinic with postoperative performance. A patient can perform correctly under supervision and still fail to do the exercises when alone, in pain, or fatigued. The question asks for the finding that *best* shows effectiveness, which requires evidence of behavior after surgery, not before.

Key point! In nursing education evaluation, the highest level of evidence for teaching effectiveness is independent performance of the behavior in the actual clinical situation. Knowledge, demonstration, and satisfaction are necessary but not sufficient. For a patient who learns by doing, active practice during teaching and observed independent performance afterward are the strongest indicators of success.

Postoperative pulmonary complications remain a significant source of morbidity, and respiratory exercises such as deep breathing are a cornerstone of prevention [1]. However, the benefit depends entirely on adherence. Studies of home-based breathing exercises after surgery show that most patients who perform them report they are easy and well-tolerated, and motivation is a key factor in continuation [2]. A patient who performs exercises on schedule without reminders has internalized the behavior, which is the ultimate goal of preoperative teaching.References (research sources)

- [1]Comparison of the Feasibility of Respiratory Exercises in Postoperative Patients: An Intensive Care Study.Research articleAldemir Atmaca K, Dikmen Aydin Y, Aşudu M (2026) · DOI: 10.1111/nicc.70599

- [2]Patient-Reported Experiences of Home-Based Breathing Exercises After Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Questionnaire-Based Cohort Study.Research articleWesterdahl E, Urell C, Johansson H, Brocki BC, Jonsson M (2025) · DOI: 10.1177/23743735251348849

## 임상 시나리오

Postoperative Breathing Exercise AdherenceEvaluating Behavioral Transfer After Preoperative Teaching
The strongest evidence of effective preoperative teaching is independent performance of breathing exercises on postoperative day 1 without reminders. This reflects behavioral transfer, the highest level of patient education evaluation.

Deep breathing exercises maintain alveolar expansion and clear secretions, reducing risk of atelectasis and pneumonia. Consistent, self-initiated performance is what actually prevents these complications.

CautionKnowledge of rationale, skill demonstration at the clinic, and satisfaction with teaching are lower levels of evidence. A patient can explain or demonstrate correctly yet fail to perform the exercises when it matters postoperatively.

## 핵심 개념

- **Behavioral Transfer** — The highest level of patient education outcome where the patient independently performs a learned skill in the actual clinical context.
- **Atelectasis** — Collapse of lung tissue, a postoperative pulmonary complication that deep breathing exercises help prevent.
- **Preoperative Teaching** — Education provided before surgery to prepare the patient for postoperative routines and reduce complications.

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