# Situation: A 34-year-old woman is being discharged from the medical ward after treatment for an asthma exacerbation. Her discharge medicines are a salbutamol pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) as needed for symptoms and a fluticasone pMDI, two puffs twice daily, both to be used with a spacer. She is also given a peak flow meter and a written asthma action plan. She finished elementary school and says she is "not good with reading." The nurse teaches her to measure her peak expiratory flow at home. How many times should she blow into the meter at each check, and which reading should she record?

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## 문제

Situation: A 34-year-old woman is being discharged from the medical ward after treatment for an asthma exacerbation. Her discharge medicines are a salbutamol pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) as needed for symptoms and a fluticasone pMDI, two puffs twice daily, both to be used with a spacer. She is also given a peak flow meter and a written asthma action plan. She finished elementary school and says she is "not good with reading."

The nurse teaches her to measure her peak expiratory flow at home. How many times should she blow into the meter at each check, and which reading should she record?

## 보기

1. Three times, recording the highest reading **✔ 정답**
2. Three times, recording the average reading
3. Once, recording that single reading
4. Twice, recording the lower of the two readings

**정답: 1**

## 해설

Each check uses three forceful blows from a standing position, and the highest of the three is recorded and compared with her personal best. Averaging or taking one or the lower reading underestimates her true peak flow and can place her in the wrong zone.

## 심화 해설

Why three blows and the highest reading?

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) reflects how fast air can be forced out of the lungs after a full inspiration. It is an effort-dependent measurement, meaning the result changes with how hard and how explosively the patient blows. A single attempt can be falsely low because of hesitation, poor seal around the mouthpiece, or submaximal effort early in the maneuver. Repeating the blow allows the patient to achieve a more consistent maximal effort. The accepted standard is to perform three forceful blows from a standing position, then record the highest of the three readings [3]. The highest value best represents the true maximal flow the airways can generate at that moment. Averaging the three readings or selecting the lowest would systematically underestimate the patient’s actual PEF and could lead to incorrect classification within the asthma action plan zones.

PEF is a maximal-effort test, so the goal of repeating the maneuver is to capture the best achievable value, not a typical or average value. This principle is consistent with how spirometry and PEF are standardized in respiratory practice [2][3]. When coaching a patient, the nurse should emphasize a short, explosive blast rather than a slow, prolonged exhalation, because the type of expiratory maneuver directly affects the measured PEF [1]. A short, explosive maneuver is the correct technique for a handheld peak flow meter, whereas a long, spirometry-style maneuver is used for formal pulmonary function testing and may produce a different value [1].

Watch out! If the patient is short of breath or fatigued, she may want to stop after one or two attempts. However, recording a single submaximal blow can place her in the yellow or red zone of the action plan even when her true PEF is higher. The nurse should teach her to rest briefly between blows and to perform all three attempts when possible.

Key point! The written asthma action plan uses PEF zones based on the patient’s personal best value. Personal best is established by recording the highest reading obtained when the patient is stable, not an average. Therefore, daily home monitoring must follow the same rule: three blows, record the highest [3][4].

| Option | Recording method | Clinical problem |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Three blows, record the highest | Best reflects true maximal PEF; matches guideline standard |
| 2 | Three blows, record the average | Underestimates PEF; may trigger unnecessary step-up or emergency action |
| 3 | One blow, record that single reading | Effort-dependent error; falsely low values are common |
| 4 | Two blows, record the lower | Deliberately selects a submaximal value; clinically unsafe for zone classification |

For a patient with limited reading ability, the teaching must be concrete and demonstration-based. The nurse can use a colored sticker or mark on the meter to show where the indicator should reach, and have the patient return-demonstrate the three-blow sequence with the highest value circled on a simple log sheet. Asthma self-management education is most effective when it is repeated and reinforced at every clinical contact, especially for patients who need simplified written materials or verbal instruction [4]. The peak flow technique itself does not require reading skill, but the recording step may need a visual or color-coded system so the patient can reliably identify and document the highest of three attempts.References (research sources)

- [1]Effect of device and expiratory maneuver technique on peak expiratory flow measurements.Research articleCsonka LL, Tikkakoski A, Karjalainen J, Lehtimäki L. (2026) · DOI: 10.1111/cpf.70067

- [2]Peak In- and Expiratory Flow Revisited: Reliability and Reference Values in Adults.Research articleHanon S, Vanderhelst E, Vincken W, Schuermans D, Verbanck S (2021) · DOI: 10.1159/000511694

- [3]Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007.GuidelineNational Asthma Education and Prevention Program (2007) · DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.043

- [4]Asthma self-management patient education.Research articleJones MA (2008)

## 임상 시나리오

Peak Flow Monitoring at HomeThree blows, record the highest
Instruct the patient to perform 3 forceful blows from a standing position at each check, then record the highest of the three readings.

The highest value best represents the true maximal expiratory flow and should be compared with her personal best to determine her asthma action plan zone.

CautionA single attempt or an average can be falsely low due to submaximal effort, poor mouthpiece seal, or hesitation, which may place the patient in the wrong zone.

## 핵심 개념

- **Peak expiratory flow (PEF)** — The fastest speed at which air can be forced out of the lungs after a full inspiration; an effort-dependent measure used to guide asthma management.
- **Asthma action plan** — A written, individualized plan that uses symptoms and/or PEF zones to guide daily management and escalation of asthma treatment.
- **Personal best PEF** — The highest PEF value a patient can achieve when well, used as the reference for setting action plan zones.
- **Effort-dependent measurement** — A test result that varies with patient effort, requiring maximal, explosive effort and repeated attempts for accuracy.
- **Spacer** — A holding chamber attached to a metered-dose inhaler that improves drug delivery and reduces the need for precise hand-breath coordination.

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