# Situation: A 54-year-old man weighing 60 kg is on post-operative day 2 after a bowel resection complicated by bleeding. On the day of surgery, his blood pressure fell to 82/50 mmHg for about 20 minutes until blood transfusion and intravenous fluids restored it. His creatinine before surgery was 1.0 mg/dL (88 µmol/L), and he has no history of kidney disease. He has received no contrast dye and no nephrotoxic drugs, and a bladder scan shows an empty bladder. Today his blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is 46 mg/dL (16.4 mmol/L), his creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL (159 µmol/L), and his urine output has averaged 22 mL/h over the last 14 hours. The team is managing him for acute kidney injury (AKI). Using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, which stage of AKI does he currently meet?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629711  
> language: ko  
> subject: Nursing Practice III — Care of Clients with Problems in Surgery, Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations

## 문제

Situation: A 54-year-old man weighing 60 kg is on post-operative day 2 after a bowel resection complicated by bleeding. On the day of surgery, his blood pressure fell to 82/50 mmHg for about 20 minutes until blood transfusion and intravenous fluids restored it. His creatinine before surgery was 1.0 mg/dL (88 µmol/L), and he has no history of kidney disease. He has received no contrast dye and no nephrotoxic drugs, and a bladder scan shows an empty bladder. Today his blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is 46 mg/dL (16.4 mmol/L), his creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL (159 µmol/L), and his urine output has averaged 22 mL/h over the last 14 hours. The team is managing him for acute kidney injury (AKI).

Using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, which stage of AKI does he currently meet?

## 보기

1. Stage 2, from the low urine output **✔ 정답**
2. Stage 1, from the rise in creatinine
3. Stage 3, from the low urine output
4. Stage 2, from the rise in creatinine

**정답: 1**

## 해설

KDIGO stages AKI by serum creatinine and by urine output, and the client is given the higher stage that either criterion meets. Creatinine 1.8 ÷ 1.0 = 1.8 times baseline, which is stage 1 (1.5–1.9 times). Urine output 22 mL/h ÷ 60 kg = 0.37 mL/kg/h, below 0.5 but not below 0.3, sustained for 14 hours (12 hours or more), which is stage 2; the higher stage, stage 2, applies.

## 심화 해설

KDIGO AKI staging: how to apply the two criteria

A 54-year-old man on post-operative day 2 after a bowel resection has a baseline creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL and no prior kidney disease. Today his creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL, his BUN is 46 mg/dL, and his urine output has averaged 22 mL/h over 14 hours. He weighs 60 kg. The question asks which KDIGO stage he currently meets.

KDIGO stages AKI by whichever criterion—serum creatinine or urine output—gives the higher stage. The two criteria are not averaged or combined; the more severe one determines the stage. This is the central rule for answering this type of question.

Step 1: Stage by serum creatinine

The creatinine ratio is calculated as current creatinine divided by baseline creatinine. Here, 1.8 ÷ 1.0 = 1.8 times baseline. According to KDIGO, a rise to 1.5–1.9 times baseline is Stage 1. Therefore, by creatinine alone, this client meets Stage 1 AKI.

Step 2: Stage by urine output

Urine output must be converted to mL/kg/h to apply the KDIGO threshold. The client’s output is 22 mL/h, and his weight is 60 kg. The calculation is:

22 mL/h ÷ 60 kg = 0.37 mL/kg/h

KDIGO defines oliguria-based AKI as follows:

| KDIGO stage | Urine output criterion | This client |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Stage 1 | < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6–12 hours | 0.37 mL/kg/h, but duration is 14 hours — exceeds 12 hours |
| Stage 2 | < 0.5 mL/kg/h for ≥ 12 hours | 0.37 mL/kg/h for 14 hours — meets this |
| Stage 3 | < 0.3 mL/kg/h for ≥ 24 hours, or anuria for ≥ 12 hours | 0.37 mL/kg/h is not below 0.3 — does not meet this |

A urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h that persists for 12 hours or longer is Stage 2 by the urine output criterion. The client’s output of 0.37 mL/kg/h has lasted 14 hours, so he meets Stage 2 by urine output. He does not meet Stage 3 because his output is not below 0.3 mL/kg/h, and the duration is not yet 24 hours.

Step 3: Apply the higher stage

Creatinine gives Stage 1. Urine output gives Stage 2. The higher stage applies, so the client is classified as KDIGO Stage 2 AKI. The correct answer is therefore option 1: Stage 2, from the low urine output.

Watch out! A common error is to stop after calculating the creatinine ratio and select Stage 1. Always check both criteria and assign the higher stage.

Key point! Urine output must be expressed in mL/kg/h before applying KDIGO thresholds. A raw hourly volume such as 22 mL/h is meaningless without weight.

Why urine output and creatinine can diverge

In the early postoperative period, urine output often falls before creatinine rises. The kidney responds to reduced perfusion by conserving sodium and water, which lowers urine output within hours. Creatinine, by contrast, reflects glomerular filtration rate and rises more slowly as creatinine accumulates in the blood. This is why KDIGO uses both criteria: urine output is a more immediate marker of renal hypoperfusion, while creatinine is a more delayed marker of reduced filtration. In this client, the intraoperative hypotensive episode likely triggered renal hypoperfusion, and the sustained oliguria reflects that injury even though the creatinine rise is still modest.

Why the bleeding and hypotension matter

The client’s blood pressure fell to 82/50 mmHg for about 20 minutes during surgery. This is a classic prerenal insult. The kidneys receive roughly 20–25% of cardiac output, and a drop in mean arterial pressure below the autoregulatory range reduces glomerular perfusion pressure. If the hypotension is brief, autoregulation may preserve glomerular filtration. But when it is prolonged or severe, as in this case, ischemic injury can occur. The absence of contrast dye and nephrotoxic drugs makes prerenal hypoperfusion the most likely mechanism here.

Clinical significance of staging

KDIGO staging is not merely a labeling exercise. Higher AKI stage is associated with longer hospital stay, greater need for renal replacement therapy, and higher mortality. Staging also guides monitoring intensity and fluid management decisions. A client in Stage 2 AKI requires more frequent creatinine and urine output monitoring than one in Stage 1, and the clinician must actively search for reversible causes such as hypovolemia, ongoing bleeding, or intra-abdominal hypertension.

What the bladder scan adds

The bladder scan shows an empty bladder. This is important because it rules out post-renal obstruction as the cause of low urine output. If the bladder were distended, the oliguria might simply reflect urinary retention rather than intrinsic or prerenal AKI. An empty bladder confirms that the low urine output reflects reduced urine production by the kidneys, not a drainage problem.

Putting it together for the exam

For any KDIGO staging question, follow this sequence: (1) calculate the creatinine ratio from baseline; (2) convert urine output to mL/kg/h and note the duration; (3) determine the stage from each criterion independently; (4) assign the higher stage. In this client, creatinine gives Stage 1, urine output gives Stage 2, and the final answer is Stage 2.

## 임상 시나리오

KDIGO AKI Staging: Apply the Higher CriterionCreatinine vs urine output—stage by whichever is worse
KDIGO stages AKI by serum creatinine and urine output, and the higher stage from either criterion determines the final stage. Never average or combine the two.

Creatinine 1.8 ÷ baseline 1.0 = 1.8 times baseline, which is Stage 1 (1.5–1.9 times).

Urine output 22 mL/h ÷ 60 kg = 0.37 mL/kg/h. This is below 0.5 but not below 0.3, sustained for 14 hours (≥12 hours), which is Stage 2.

CautionStage 3 by urine output requires below 0.3 mL/kg/h for 24 hours or anuria for 12 hours—0.37 mL/kg/h does not qualify. Always convert output to mL/kg/h before staging.

## 핵심 개념

- **KDIGO AKI staging** — Acute kidney injury is staged by the higher of serum creatinine or urine output criteria
- **Oliguria** — Urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg/h, with duration determining AKI stage
- **Creatinine ratio** — Current creatinine divided by baseline creatinine to stage AKI severity
- **Stage 2 AKI** — Urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 12 hours or more, or creatinine 2.0-2.9 times baseline

## 같은 주제 문제

- [Situation: A 46-year-old man is admitted to the medical ward after 3 days of profuse water…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629696)
- [Situation: A 46-year-old man is admitted to the medical ward after 3 days of profuse water…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629697)
- [Situation: A 46-year-old man is admitted to the medical ward after 3 days of profuse water…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629698)
- [Situation: A 64-year-old man with chronic atrial fibrillation and hypertension takes digox…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629699)
- [Situation: A 64-year-old man with chronic atrial fibrillation and hypertension takes digox…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629700)
- [Situation: A 64-year-old man with chronic atrial fibrillation and hypertension takes digox…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629701)
- [Situation: A 64-year-old man with chronic atrial fibrillation and hypertension takes digox…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629702)
- [Situation: A 49-year-old woman who had most of her small bowel removed 6 months ago is adm…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=629703)

---

More free questions: [기출문제](https://mymerci.kr/)

_학습 참고용입니다. 실제 임상은 최신 지침과 소속 기관 프로토콜을 따르세요._