# Situation: After a typhoon flooded a low-lying barangay, the nurse at the Rural Health Unit (RHU), which also serves as an animal bite treatment center (ABTC), sees clients with animal bites and flood-related illness. A 14-year-old boy arrives minutes after a dog of unknown vaccination status bit his forearm. In what order should the nurse carry out these steps? 1. Give the remaining vaccine doses on the scheduled days 2. Wash the wound with soap and running water for 15 minutes 3. Assess the exposure category and start post-exposure prophylaxis 4. Apply an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine to the wound

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> subject: Nursing Practice I — Community Health Nursing

## 문제

Situation: After a typhoon flooded a low-lying barangay, the nurse at the Rural Health Unit (RHU), which also serves as an animal bite treatment center (ABTC), sees clients with animal bites and flood-related illness.

A 14-year-old boy arrives minutes after a dog of unknown vaccination status bit his forearm. In what order should the nurse carry out these steps?
1. Give the remaining vaccine doses on the scheduled days
2. Wash the wound with soap and running water for 15 minutes
3. Assess the exposure category and start post-exposure prophylaxis
4. Apply an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine to the wound

## 보기

1. 2, 4, 3, 1 **✔ 정답**
2. 4, 2, 3, 1
3. 2, 3, 4, 1
4. 3, 2, 4, 1

**정답: 1**

## 해설

Immediate washing with soap and running water for 15 minutes removes much of the virus and comes first, followed by an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine. The exposure is then categorized and post-exposure prophylaxis started, and the remaining vaccine doses are completed on schedule.

## 심화 해설

Rationale for the Correct Sequence

The first priority after any animal bite is immediate wound care. Washing the wound with soap and running water for 15 minutes physically removes saliva and reduces the viral load at the entry site before the virus can bind to local tissue. This step is so critical that the World Health Organization and national rabies protocols consistently place it before any assessment or injection. In a rabies-endemic setting, the observational cohort study by Embregts and colleagues evaluated wound swabs from category III dog-bite wounds before and after washing, reflecting the practical importance of documenting viral presence at the wound and the rationale for immediate cleansing [1].

After thorough washing, an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine is applied. Povidone-iodine further inactivates any remaining rabies virus on the wound surface. Key point! Antiseptic application is a complement to washing, not a substitute. It must follow washing because soap and water remove organic material that would otherwise reduce the antiseptic's effectiveness.

Only after local wound care is complete does the nurse assess the exposure category. Category III exposure includes bites that break the skin, contamination of mucous membranes, or licks on broken skin. The boy's forearm bite with unknown vaccination status of the dog fits this category. Once categorized, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is initiated. PEP includes wound infiltration with rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) or rabies monoclonal antibody, followed by the first dose of rabies vaccine. The randomized controlled trial by Nujum and colleagues examined pain management during RIG administration, underscoring that RIG infiltration around the wound is a standard component of category III PEP [3].

The final step is scheduling and completing the remaining vaccine doses. A cross-sectional analysis from Burkina Faso found that among 8,063 patients who received PEP, completion according to clinical protocol was a key measure of program success [4]. Watch out! Incomplete vaccination schedules leave the patient vulnerable because rabies has a variable incubation period and is virtually always fatal once symptoms appear.

| Step | Action | Rationale |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wash wound with soap and running water for 15 minutes | Removes saliva and reduces viral load at the entry site before tissue binding |
| 2 | Apply antiseptic (povidone-iodine) | Inactivates residual virus after organic material is removed by washing |
| 3 | Assess exposure category and start PEP | Determines need for RIG and initiates vaccine series based on wound severity |
| 4 | Give remaining vaccine doses on schedule | Completes the immune response; incomplete series leaves the patient unprotected |

The sequence 2, 4, 3, 1 is correct because wound washing and antisepsis are time-critical local measures that must precede systemic interventions. Assessment and PEP initiation follow local wound care, and the remaining vaccine doses are scheduled last. This order reflects the pathophysiologic principle that rabies virus travels from the wound site to the central nervous system, so every minute spent reducing the viral load at the periphery before the virus enters nerves improves the chance of prevention. The KAP study from India also highlights that physicians managing animal-bite cases must correctly sequence wound care and PEP to prevent fatal outcomes .References (research sources)

- [1]Detection of rabies virus RNA in dog-bite wounds in a rabies-endemic area: evidence from an observational cohort study.Research articleEmbregts CWE, Salahuddin N, Gohar MA, Naseer F, Hussain S, Alblas K, Voermans JJC, Guldemeester J, Oude Munnink BB, Aijaz J, GeurtsvanKessel CH. (2026) · DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106250

- [3]Efficacy of 2% lignocaine medicated pad for pain alleviation during rabies immunoglobulin administration: A randomized controlled trial.RCT/clinical trialNujum ZT, Valamparampil MJ, Rajagopal MR, Rahul A, Siju NS, Prajitha KC (2021) · DOI: 10.4103/ijph.IJPH_846_20

- [4]Completion of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2021-2023: A cross-sectional analysis of routine data.Research articleKaboré DS, Tranchot-Diallo J, Savadogo M, Zoungrana J, Kaboré NF, Millogo A, Ouédraogo AS, Hien H. (2026) · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0014437

## 임상 시나리오

Rabies Post-Exposure Wound Care PriorityFirst wash, then disinfect, then assess and immunize
For any animal bite, the first action is immediate wound washing with soap and running water for 15 minutes. This physically removes saliva and reduces the rabies viral load at the entry site before the virus binds to tissue.

After washing, apply an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine to inactivate any remaining virus. Antiseptic is a complement to washing, not a substitute, because soap and water remove organic material that would otherwise reduce antiseptic effectiveness.

Only after local wound care is complete should the nurse assess the exposure category. A bite that breaks the skin from a dog of unknown vaccination status is Category III exposure, requiring post-exposure prophylaxis including rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine.

CautionDo not delay wound washing to categorize the exposure or start vaccination. Immediate cleansing is the highest priority and should never be postponed for assessment or injection.

## 핵심 개념

- **Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)** — Preventive treatment started after exposure to a pathogen, such as rabies virus, including wound care, rabies immunoglobulin, and vaccination.
- **Category III exposure** — Rabies exposure category involving bites or scratches that break the skin, contamination of mucous membranes, or licks on broken skin, requiring rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine.
- **Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG)** — Passive immunization given to provide immediate neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus, infiltrated around and into the wound.
- **Povidone-iodine** — An antiseptic applied after wound washing to inactivate rabies virus remaining on the wound surface.
- **Animal bite treatment center (ABTC)** — A health facility designated to manage animal bite cases and provide rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.

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