# Situation: A public health nurse works at a Rural Health Unit (RHU) that has a basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC) birthing facility. She also takes part in the municipal maternal death review. The review team lists the main problem found in each of the municipality's 10 maternal deaths last year: Family did not recognize the danger signs at home: 3 deaths Family waited for the husband or an elder to allow the trip: 2 deaths No vehicle available at night to leave the barangay: 4 deaths Hospital had no blood in stock for transfusion: 1 death Using the three delays model, which delay accounts for the MOST deaths?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=627059  
> language: ko  
> subject: Nursing Practice I — Community Health Nursing

## 문제

Situation: A public health nurse works at a Rural Health Unit (RHU) that has a basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC) birthing facility. She also takes part in the municipal maternal death review.

The review team lists the main problem found in each of the municipality's 10 maternal deaths last year:
Family did not recognize the danger signs at home: 3 deaths
Family waited for the husband or an elder to allow the trip: 2 deaths
No vehicle available at night to leave the barangay: 4 deaths
Hospital had no blood in stock for transfusion: 1 death
Using the three delays model, which delay accounts for the MOST deaths?

## 보기

1. Delay in recognizing danger signs
2. Delay in deciding to seek care **✔ 정답**
3. Delay in receiving adequate care
4. Delay in reaching a facility

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Each finding must first be grouped under one of the three delays. Not recognizing danger signs and waiting for permission to travel are both part of the first delay, deciding to seek care (3 + 2 = 5 deaths). Lack of a vehicle is the second delay, reaching a facility (4 deaths), and lack of blood at the hospital is the third delay, receiving adequate care (1 death). The first delay accounts for the most deaths even though no single row under it is the largest.

## 심화 해설

Applying the Three Delays Model to Maternal Death Review

The question asks you to classify ten maternal deaths using the classic Three Delays Model, which organizes barriers to timely obstetric care into three sequential phases. The correct answer is Delay 1: deciding to seek care, and understanding why requires grouping the listed findings carefully rather than looking at individual rows.

The first delay encompasses both failure to recognize danger signs and failure to act on them once recognized, including waiting for permission from family decision-makers. In this municipality, 3 deaths involved families who did not identify danger signs at home, and 2 deaths involved families who waited for a husband or elder to authorize travel. These are not separate problems; they are both manifestations of the same delay in the decision-making process at the household level. Combined, they total 5 deaths.

The second delay, reaching a facility, is represented by the 4 deaths where no vehicle was available at night. The third delay, receiving adequate care, accounts for the single death attributed to lack of blood in stock at the hospital.

| Delay category | Findings from the review | Number of deaths |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Delay 1: Deciding to seek care | Did not recognize danger signs (3) + waited for permission (2) | 5 |
| Delay 2: Reaching a facility | No vehicle available at night | 4 |
| Delay 3: Receiving adequate care | No blood in stock for transfusion | 1 |

Watch out! The trap in this question is that “no vehicle available” appears as the single largest row with 4 deaths. However, the Three Delays Model requires aggregation across all contributing factors within each delay phase. Failure to recognize danger signs and waiting for permission are both components of the first delay, so they must be summed.

This grouping logic is consistent with how the model is operationalized in maternal death surveillance. In a cross-sectional study of 934 maternal deaths in Myanmar, Delay 1 was defined as the interval from the start of the woman’s illness to the time the problem was recognized as requiring care, and it was examined separately from delays in reaching or receiving care [1]. The foundational description of the model likewise emphasizes that the first delay includes both the woman’s or family’s failure to perceive a problem and the subsequent decision-making process about whether and when to seek help [4].

The public health implication is that community-level interventions—such as birth preparedness, danger sign education, and engaging husbands and elders in decision-making—target the delay that caused the most deaths in this municipality. A policy commentary on Somalia similarly frames the first delay as a driver of mortality that requires strengthening primary health care and community health systems rather than only upgrading facility capacity [3]. In Pakistan, retrospective analysis of maternal deaths through the Three Delays Model also highlights the importance of contextual and demographic factors that shape care-seeking decisions [2].

For the nursing licensure context, the key competency is accurate classification. When a maternal death review lists multiple contributing factors, each factor must be mapped to its correct delay before counting. Only then can the review team identify which phase of the care-seeking pathway deserves the most urgent intervention. In this scenario, Key point! the first delay accounts for 5 of 10 deaths, making it the most frequent contributor even though no single row under it is the largest.References (research sources)

- [1]Causes of death, three delays, and factors associated with Delay 1 among maternal deaths in Myanmar: The maternal death surveillance in 2019.Research articleTun KK, Inthaphatha S, Soe MM, Nishino K, Hamajima N, Yamamoto E (2023) · DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103657

- [2]Maternal Mortality in Pakistan: Demographic, Temporal, and Contextual Insights From the Three Delays Model.Research articleKhan NU, Asif N, Miraj MA, Khalid H, Awan T, Khan MA (2025) · DOI: 10.7759/cureus.98424

- [3]Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Somalia: A Persistent Women's Health Crisis Requiring Primary Health Care and Community Health System Reform.Research articleAbdi AM, Osman NH, Mohamud OM, Iman MI, Jimale AM, Adam AA, Mohamud MA, Kalif AA. (2026) · DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s627215

- [4]Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context.Research articleThaddeus S, Maine D (1994) · DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90226-7

## 임상 시나리오

Applying the Three Delays Model in Maternal Death ReviewGroup findings by delay category before comparing counts
The Three Delays Model classifies barriers into three phases. Delay 1: Deciding to seek care includes both not recognizing danger signs and waiting for family permission. In this municipality, those two findings combine to 5 deaths, the largest category.

Delay 2: Reaching a facility is represented by no vehicle available at night, accounting for 4 deaths. Delay 3: Receiving adequate care is represented by no blood in stock, accounting for 1 death.

CautionThe trap is comparing individual rows. No vehicle available appears as the largest single row with 4 deaths, but Delay 1 must be calculated as the sum of 3 and 2, giving 5 deaths and making it the correct priority.

## 핵심 개념

- **Three Delays Model** — A framework for analyzing barriers to timely obstetric care: delay in deciding to seek care, delay in reaching a facility, and delay in receiving adequate care.
- **Delay 1: Deciding to seek care** — Includes failure to recognize danger signs and failure to act on them, such as waiting for family permission before traveling.
- **Delay 2: Reaching a facility** — Barriers related to physical access and transportation, such as lack of an available vehicle at night.
- **Delay 3: Receiving adequate care** — Barriers at the health facility level, such as lack of blood for transfusion or inadequate staffing or supplies.
- **Maternal death review** — A systematic process of reviewing maternal deaths to identify contributing factors and preventable causes to improve care.

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