# A nurse is caring for a 50-year-old patient who has been admitted with acute pancreatitis. The patient suddenly develops severe abdominal pain, becomes diaphoretic, and shows signs of shock. The nurse suspects pancreatic hemorrhage. What is the most appropriate immediate nursing intervention?

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## 문제

A nurse is caring for a 50-year-old patient who has been admitted with acute pancreatitis. The patient suddenly develops severe abdominal pain, becomes diaphoretic, and shows signs of shock. The nurse suspects pancreatic hemorrhage. What is the most appropriate immediate nursing intervention?

## 보기

1. Establish large-bore IV access and prepare for fluid resuscitation **✔ 정답**
2. Administer prescribed pain medication immediately
3. Place the patient in Trendelenburg position
4. Encourage oral fluid intake to prevent dehydration

**정답: 1**

## 해설

The immediate intervention is to establish large-bore IV access and prepare for fluid resuscitation to manage hypovolemic shock from suspected pancreatic hemorrhage. Other options are inappropriate or secondary to stabilizing hemodynamics.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology

The patient’s sudden deterioration with severe abdominal pain, diaphoresis, and shock in the setting of acute pancreatitis strongly suggests a hemorrhagic complication. In severe acute pancreatitis, the release of activated pancreatic enzymes and the intense local inflammatory response can erode into adjacent vascular structures, such as the splenic or left gastric arteries, or into a pre-existing pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC). As noted in the literature, hemorrhage from a PPC eroding into adjacent structures is a critical emergency with high mortality, and hemorrhagic complications associated with severe acute pancreatitis significantly worsen the prognosis [1,2]. The resulting massive blood loss leads to hypovolemic shock, which manifests with the patient's presenting signs.

Analysis of Immediate Nursing Intervention

The priority is to address the life-threatening hypovolemia and impending cardiovascular collapse. The nursing intervention must follow the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) framework, with an immediate focus on circulation.

- Correct Answer (Option 1): Establish large-bore IV access and prepare for fluid resuscitation. This is the most critical first step. To reverse hypovolemic shock from a suspected massive hemorrhage, rapid restoration of intravascular volume is essential. Two large-bore intravenous lines allow for the simultaneous administration of crystalloids, colloids, and blood products. This directly counters the circulatory collapse that defines the emergency [2].

- Option 2: Administer prescribed pain medication immediately. While pain management is a core component of pancreatitis care, administering opioid analgesics to a patient in hypovolemic shock is dangerous. Vasodilation from opioids can further drop the blood pressure, and the priority is stabilizing the patient's hemodynamics before addressing pain.

- Option 3: Place the patient in Trendelenburg position. The Trendelenburg position is no longer a standard evidence-based intervention for shock. It can cause the abdominal organs to push against the diaphragm, impairing respiratory function, and does not effectively improve perfusion to vital organs. The recommended position is supine with legs elevated, but only after IV access is secured.

- Option 4: Encourage oral fluid intake to prevent dehydration. This is absolutely contraindicated. A patient with acute pancreatitis is kept NPO (nothing by mouth) to rest the pancreas. More critically, a patient with a suspected active gastrointestinal or intra-abdominal hemorrhage and signs of shock has an altered level of consciousness and is at high risk for aspiration. Oral intake is impossible and dangerous.

Clinical Reasoning and Evidence Connection

The case reports highlight that recurrent hemorrhagic shock from arterial erosion is a recognized and devastating complication of pancreatitis, often requiring massive transfusion and urgent interventional radiology or surgery [1,2]. The nurse’s role is to recognize the signs of hemorrhagic shock—a sudden onset of pain, diaphoresis, and shock in a pancreatitis patient—and act immediately to secure circulatory access. This is the foundational step that enables all subsequent life-saving interventions, including the administration of blood products, coagulation factors (such as Factor XIII, which may be deficient in this scenario), and preparation for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) or surgery [2]. Without rapid fluid resuscitation, the patient will not survive long enough to receive definitive care.References (research sources)

- [2]Factor XIII Supplementation Suppresses Recurrent Hemorrhages Due to Acquired Factor XIII Deficiency Secondary to Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Case Report.Case reportTanaka T, Abe T, Yamada Y, Ochiai H. (2026) · DOI: 10.7759/cureus.109148

## 임상 시나리오

Pancreatic Hemorrhage: Immediate Nursing ResponsePrioritizing Circulation in Hypovolemic Shock
In acute pancreatitis with sudden deterioration, suspect hemorrhagic shock from erosion into major vessels. The immediate priority is circulation support.

Establish two large-bore IV lines (16- or 18-gauge) and initiate rapid fluid resuscitation with crystalloids, colloids, or blood products as prescribed.

CautionDo not place the patient in Trendelenburg position; it is ineffective for shock and may impair ventilation. Keep the patient NPO and avoid oral intake to prevent aspiration and pancreatic stimulation.

## 핵심 개념

- **Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis** — A severe complication of acute pancreatitis where activated enzymes erode into blood vessels, causing massive retroperitoneal bleeding and hypovolemic shock.
- **Hypovolemic Shock** — A life-threatening condition resulting from a significant loss of intravascular volume, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia.
- **ABC Framework** — A systematic approach to patient assessment and prioritization: Airway, Breathing, and Circulation, guiding immediate life-saving interventions.
- **Large-Bore IV Access** — Intravenous catheters of 16- or 18-gauge, used to rapidly infuse large volumes of fluid or blood products during resuscitation.
- **Pancreatic Pseudocyst** — A fluid collection rich in pancreatic enzymes, walled off by fibrous tissue, which can erode into adjacent vessels and cause hemorrhage.

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