# A nurse is caring for a patient who has been receiving haloperidol for schizophrenia. The patient suddenly develops hyperthermia (104°F/40°C), muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability. Which nursing action should be the PRIORITY?

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> subject: Pharmacology

## 문제

A nurse is caring for a patient who has been receiving haloperidol for schizophrenia. The patient suddenly develops hyperthermia (104°F/40°C), muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability. Which nursing action should be the PRIORITY?

## 보기

1. Administer acetaminophen for fever reduction
2. Increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration
3. Apply cooling blankets to reduce body temperature
4. Discontinue the antipsychotic medication immediately **✔ 정답**

**정답: 4**

## 해설

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening emergency. The priority action is immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic medication to prevent worsening and mortality. Other options are supportive but secondary.

## 심화 해설

Understanding Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

The patient's presentation—hyperthermia (104°F/40°C), muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability—occurring in the context of haloperidol use is the classic tetrad of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS). NMS is a life-threatening idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic medications, primarily caused by central dopamine D2-receptor blockade in the hypothalamus, nigrostriatal pathways, and spinal cord [1,3]. The pathophysiology involves sudden hypodopaminergic activity, which leads to impaired thermoregulation, uninhibited muscle contraction, and sympathetic nervous system dysregulation, manifesting as the severe symptoms observed here.

Why Immediate Discontinuation is the Priority

The priority nursing action is to discontinue the antipsychotic medication immediately. This is the definitive, etiology-based intervention. The pathophysiological cascade of NMS is directly driven by the presence of the offending agent; removing it halts further dopamine receptor antagonism and is the most critical step in arresting the syndrome's progression [1,3]. The case reports consistently demonstrate that upon suspicion of NMS, the first and most crucial clinical decision was the immediate cessation of the causative drug, such as haloperidol, before any other supportive measures were initiated [1,3]. Without this action, the underlying mechanism remains unaddressed, and the patient’s condition will continue to deteriorate, potentially leading to severe complications like rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and metabolic acidosis [3].

Prioritization of Supportive Interventions

While the other listed options are important components of NMS management, they are supportive and not the priority over removing the causative agent.

- Administering acetaminophen (Option 1) is ineffective for NMS-related hyperthermia. The fever is not driven by a change in the hypothalamic set-point mediated by prostaglandins, but by impaired central thermoregulation and intense muscle rigidity generating excessive heat. Antipyretics will not address this central and muscular source [3].

- Applying cooling blankets (Option 3) is a critical supportive measure for severe hyperthermia to prevent multi-organ damage, but it is a secondary intervention. It manages the consequence (hyperthermia) without treating the cause. The case reports describe using dantrolene or other measures for fever reduction only after the offending drug was discontinued [1].

- Increasing fluid intake (Option 2) is essential to manage dehydration, prevent acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis (indicated by markedly elevated creatine kinase), and support cardiovascular stability [3]. However, like cooling, it is a supportive measure that follows the definitive action of drug cessation. Using the nursing process, addressing the etiology of the problem (excess antipsychotic activity) takes precedence over managing secondary fluid volume deficits.References (research sources)

- [1][Experience of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome After Operation:Total Arch Replacement for Stanford Type A Acute Aortic Dissection:Report of a Case].Research articleNosaka Y, Ikeda M. (2025)

- [3]Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Unmasked: A Case of Extrapyramidal Syndrome With Tardive Dystonia Leading to a Life-Threatening Crisis.Case reportAbegão T, Antão M, Fitas C, Pylyp N, Jordão M. (2025) · DOI: 10.7759/cureus.97056

## 임상 시나리오

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) Emergency ProtocolImmediate Recognition and First-Line Nursing Action
The absolute priority upon recognizing the classic tetrad of hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability in a patient on antipsychotics is to immediately discontinue the offending agent. This halts the central D2-receptor blockade driving the crisis.

After stopping the drug, initiate supportive care: aggressive cooling with cooling blankets for temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F), and administer intravenous fluids to manage dehydration and prevent acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis. Continuous cardiac monitoring is essential due to profound autonomic instability.

CautionSymptomatic treatments like acetaminophen are ineffective for central hyperthermia and must never delay the two critical actions: stopping the drug and initiating external cooling. Reintroduction of any antipsychotic later requires a slow dose titration of a low-potency agent.

## 핵심 개념

- **Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)** — A life-threatening idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotics characterized by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability due to central dopamine D2-receptor blockade.
- **Haloperidol** — A first-generation (typical) antipsychotic medication that works primarily by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, and is a common cause of NMS.
- **D2-Receptor Blockade** — The pharmacological antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors in the brain, which disrupts thermoregulation, motor control, and autonomic function, precipitating NMS.
- **Autonomic Instability** — Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system presenting with fluctuating blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmias, a key feature of NMS.
- **Rhabdomyolysis** — A serious complication of NMS where severe muscle rigidity leads to muscle cell breakdown, releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream and risking acute kidney injury.

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