# A nurse is caring for a patient receiving chemotherapy with cisplatin. Which nursing intervention is the MOST critical to prevent serious complications?

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## 문제

A nurse is caring for a patient receiving chemotherapy with cisplatin. Which nursing intervention is the MOST critical to prevent serious complications?

## 보기

1. Monitor complete blood count (CBC) every 8 hours
2. Ensure adequate hydration with pre and post-infusion saline **✔ 정답**
3. Administer antiemetics 30 minutes before treatment
4. Check vital signs every 15 minutes during infusion

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Cisplatin is highly nephrotoxic, and adequate hydration with pre- and post-infusion saline is critical to prevent kidney damage by maintaining renal blood flow and facilitating drug elimination. Other interventions like CBC monitoring, antiemetics, and vital signs are supportive but do not directly prevent this serious complication.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Core Threat: Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

The most critical complication to prevent during cisplatin chemotherapy is nephrotoxicity, specifically cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin is a highly effective alkylating-like agent, but its clinical utility is severely limited by dose-dependent renal damage, which occurs in approximately 30% to 45% of treated patients [2,4]. The pathophysiology involves the active uptake of cisplatin into renal tubular cells, where it forms toxic thiol-cisplatin conjugates, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and tubular cell death [3,4]. This injury manifests as a rise in serum creatinine and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate, which can progress to irreversible chronic kidney disease [3].

Why Hydration is the Most Critical Intervention

Ensuring adequate hydration with pre- and post-infusion saline is the cornerstone of prevention. The primary goal is to establish a high urine flow rate before, during, and after the cisplatin infusion. This forced diuresis dilutes the concentration of cisplatin in the renal tubules, reduces the contact time between the drug and tubular epithelial cells, and promotes its rapid excretion, thereby directly mitigating the formation of the toxic thiol-cisplatin conjugates that drive the injury [3,4]. The evidence supporting this is foundational; all clinical trials investigating additional nephroprotective agents, such as mannitol or furosemide, are conducted on a background of aggressive saline hydration, which is considered standard of care [1,2]. Without this primary protective measure, the risk of severe AKI escalates dramatically, potentially leading to irreversible kidney damage, electrolyte crises, and the inability to administer further life-saving chemotherapy cycles.

Analysis of Other Options

While the other interventions are important aspects of care, they do not address the most common and dose-limiting toxicity.

-   Option 1 (Monitor CBC every 8 hours): This targets myelosuppression, another significant adverse effect of cisplatin. While neutropenia and its infectious complications are serious and require monitoring, the onset is typically delayed (nadir occurs days to weeks later). In the acute infusion phase, nephrotoxicity presents an immediate and direct threat to organ function and patient survival, making its prevention the higher priority during administration.

-   Option 3 (Administer antiemetics 30 minutes before treatment): This addresses acute and delayed nausea and vomiting, which cisplatin potently induces. Although crucial for patient comfort and preventing metabolic imbalances from vomiting, it is a supportive care measure, not a life-threatening complication prevention strategy on the same tier as organ failure from AKI.

-   Option 4 (Check vital signs every 15 minutes during infusion): This monitors for a rare infusion reaction or anaphylaxis. While a standard safety practice, the incidence of a severe hemodynamic crisis during a slow, controlled infusion is far lower than the near-universal risk of nephrotoxicity without protective hydration. The frequency of monitoring is also not supported as the primary method to prevent the drug's inherent renal toxicity.

Clinical Integration of the Evidence

The provided research underscores that nephrotoxicity remains the major dose-limiting adverse event, with studies actively searching for agents to add to hydration protocols. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials confirms that interventions like mannitol are tested against saline hydration alone, highlighting hydration as the essential baseline defense [2]. A recent multicenter cohort study comparing mannitol and furosemide for forced diuresis further reinforces that these strategies are all adjuncts to, not replacements for, the core practice of aggressive saline volume expansion [1]. The ongoing search for new inhibitors like flopropione targets the molecular mechanism of toxicity within the tubular cells, a process that adequate hydration aims to physically circumvent by reducing tubular cisplatin concentration and transit time [3]. The primary and most critical nursing action to prevent this serious complication is the initiation and maintenance of a robust hydration protocol before and after the cisplatin infusion.References (research sources)

- [1]Mannitol versus furosemide for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a multicenter retrospective cohort study.Research articleHarimitsu Y, Hayashi T, Shimokawa M, Miyoshi T, Yamashita A, Uchiyama M, Ushio S, Shiraishi C, Matsuo K, Egawa T. (2025) · DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-25510-6

- [2]Mannitol for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewKao CC, Tai HY, Sio YC, Lin YC, Tran TT, Huang TW. (2025) · DOI: 10.1007/s00520-025-10171-y

- [3]Flopropione, a Cysteine Conjugate β-Lyase 1 Inhibitor, for Prevention of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Protocol for a Randomized, Open-Label, Proof-of-Concept Phase 1 and 2a Trial.RCT/clinical trialKoseki T, Kondo M, Fujigaki H, Kikuchi K, Oya Y, Kato H, Mizuno T, Tsuboi N, Kawada K, Goto Y, Hashimoto N, Imaizumi K, Kada A, Yabuuchi H, Saito K, Saya H. (2026) · DOI: 10.2196/87907

## 임상 시나리오

Preventing Cisplatin NephrotoxicityHydration is the non-negotiable standard of care
The primary goal is to establish forced diuresis with a urine output of 100-150 mL/hr before, during, and after infusion. This dilutes the drug in renal tubules and minimizes formation of toxic thiol-cisplatin conjugates.

Standard regimen involves pre-hydration with 1-2 L of isotonic saline over several hours, followed by post-infusion hydration for at least 24 hours. Strict intake and output monitoring is mandatory.

CautionNever administer cisplatin if urine output is inadequate. Adding mannitol or furosemide may be considered but is not a substitute for aggressive saline hydration. Avoid concurrent nephrotoxic drugs like aminoglycosides.

## 핵심 개념

- **Cisplatin** — It is a platinum-based anticancer drug used for various solid tumors (testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, etc.). It works by forming cross-links in DNA to inhibit cell division. Major toxicities include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and nausea/vomiting.
- **Nephrotoxicity** — A condition where damage to the kidneys occurs due to drugs or toxins. Cisplatin primarily accumulates in the proximal tubule and can cause acute tubular necrosis. It may be irreversible, so prevention is the best treatment.
- **Hydration** — The most important intervention to prevent nephrotoxicity when administering cisplatin. Before and after administration, provide an adequate amount of fluid (mainly Normal Saline) to maintain renal perfusion, dilute the drug, and increase urine output to facilitate rapid excretion.
- **Normal Saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride)** — The most commonly used fluid for cisplatin hydration therapy. Also called normal saline. Its sodium chloride concentration is similar to that of plasma, making it effective for fluid loading. It helps promote cisplatin excretion.
- **Emesis / Antiemetic** — Emesis means vomiting. Cisplatin is classified as a drug with a high risk of causing vomiting. Antiemetics include Ondansetron, Aprepitant, Dexamethasone, etc., and are administered prophylactically before treatment to control vomiting.

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