# A nurse is conducting an initial assessment of a 28-year-old military veteran who was recently admitted to the psychiatric unit. Which assessment finding would be most indicative of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

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## 문제

A nurse is conducting an initial assessment of a 28-year-old military veteran who was recently admitted to the psychiatric unit. Which assessment finding would be most indicative of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

## 보기

1. Reports of feeling sad and hopeless most days with decreased appetite
2. Complaints of difficulty concentrating at work and frequent headaches
3. Episodes of elevated mood alternating with periods of depression
4. Recurrent nightmares about combat experiences and avoidance of military-related discussions **✔ 정답**

**정답: 4**

## 해설

Recurrent nightmares about combat experiences and avoidance of military-related discussions are hallmark symptoms of PTSD, representing intrusive re-experiencing and avoidance behaviors directly linked to trauma. Other options describe symptoms more typical of depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder.

## 심화 해설

Correct Answer: 4

The most indicative finding for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this veteran is recurrent nightmares about combat experiences and avoidance of military-related discussions.

Explanation of the Correct Answer

This option directly captures two of the four core symptom clusters that define PTSD according to the DSM-5-TR and the provided literature. The first cluster is intrusive re-experiencing, which manifests here as recurrent, distressing nightmares related to the traumatic combat event. The second cluster is avoidance, demonstrated by the patient's effort to evade discussions, thoughts, or feelings associated with the military trauma. The source material explicitly states that PTSD is defined by four symptom clusters: intrusive re-experiencing, avoidance, negative mood/cognitive changes, and hyperarousal [1]. The simultaneous presence of symptoms from these two distinct clusters is a highly specific clinical picture that strongly suggests a diagnosis of PTSD, particularly in a population at elevated risk, such as military veterans [2,4].

Analysis of Other Options

Option 1: Reports of feeling sad and hopeless most days with decreased appetite. This presentation is most consistent with a major depressive disorder. While negative alterations in cognitions and mood are one of the four PTSD symptom clusters [1], this option describes a pervasive depressed mood and a neurovegetative symptom (appetite change) that, in isolation, lacks the essential trauma-linked features of intrusion and avoidance. The literature notes that commonalities of PTSD include dysphoria, but a diagnosis requires the specific trauma-related context [3].

Option 2: Complaints of difficulty concentrating at work and frequent headaches. These symptoms align with the hyperarousal cluster of PTSD, which includes difficulty concentrating, and can also be associated with somatization, a common feature in PTSD presentations [3]. However, difficulty concentrating is a transdiagnostic symptom found in generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, and other conditions. Frequent headaches, while a somatic complaint, are too nonspecific. This option lacks the hallmark intrusion and avoidance symptoms that are central to a PTSD diagnosis [1].

Option 3: Episodes of elevated mood alternating with periods of depression. This is the classic presentation of bipolar disorder, specifically bipolar I or II. The cyclical pattern of mood episodes (elevated/irritable and depressed) is distinct from the persistent threat-processing and trauma-re-experiencing pathology of PTSD. While PTSD can involve emotional dysregulation and mood changes, the defining cyclical nature described here points to a primary mood disorder, not a trauma- and stressor-related disorder [1,3].

Clinical Reasoning and Pathophysiology

When assessing a military veteran, the nurse must recognize that this population is at a significantly greater risk for developing PTSD and often shows a poorer response to first-line treatments compared to civilians [2]. The underlying pathophysiology of PTSD involves a dysregulation in the amygdala-hippocampus-medial prefrontal cortex circuit, which results in abnormal threat processing, hypervigilance, and the inability to extinguish fear responses [1]. This neural circuit dysfunction explains why a neutral stimulus, such as a discussion about the military, can trigger an intense, involuntary re-experiencing symptom like a nightmare and a subsequent behavioral response of active avoidance. In a clinical assessment, the nurse must differentiate PTSD from other conditions by identifying the crucial link between the traumatic event and the resulting symptoms. The combination of re-experiencing the trauma and actively avoiding reminders of it is the most specific and direct clinical manifestation of this disorder.References (research sources)

- [1]Stellate Ganglion Block for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence, Technique Considerations and Symptom Outcomes in Military and Non-Military Patients.Research articleBielawiec T, Melvin B, Ram BS, Anitescu M. (2026) · DOI: 10.1007/s11920-026-01666-4

- [2]A non-trauma-focused equine-assisted intervention was associated with reductions in all four PTSD symptom clusters in treatment-resistant military veterans.Research articleKapteijn CM, Fennema RA, van Huffelen R, Endenburg N, Vermetten E, Rodenburg TB. (2026) · DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1787669

- [3]Time Series Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Literature Review and Pilot Study.Research articleWerder SF, Kupferer KR, Kent M. (2025) · DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s521257

## 임상 시나리오

PTSD Screening in VeteransIdentifying Core Symptom Clusters
To screen for post-traumatic stress disorder, the nurse must assess for symptoms across the four DSM-5-TR clusters. The most specific indicators are intrusive re-experiencing (e.g., nightmares, flashbacks) and active avoidance of trauma reminders.

In military veterans, direct inquiry about combat-related nightmares and efforts to avoid discussions of service is essential. Symptoms must persist for more than 1 month and cause significant functional impairment.

CautionDo not mistake isolated depressive symptoms or concentration difficulties for PTSD. The diagnosis hinges on a clear link to a traumatic event and the presence of intrusion and avoidance symptoms specifically.

## 핵심 개념

- **Intrusive Re-experiencing** — A core PTSD symptom cluster involving involuntary, distressing memories, nightmares, or flashbacks of the traumatic event.
- **Avoidance** — A core PTSD symptom cluster characterized by persistent effort to evade trauma-related thoughts, feelings, people, places, or conversations.
- **Hyperarousal** — A PTSD symptom cluster marked by heightened physiological reactivity, including hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, irritability, and sleep disturbance.
- **Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood** — A PTSD symptom cluster involving persistent negative beliefs, distorted blame, diminished interest, feelings of detachment, or inability to experience positive emotions.
- **DSM-5-TR** — The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, the standard classification of mental disorders used by clinicians for diagnosis.

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