# A 30-week preterm newborn is admitted to the NICU with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The infant is receiving mechanical ventilation and surfactant therapy. Which nursing assessment finding would be the highest priority for immediate intervention?

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=543223  
> language: ko  
> subject: Maternal Newborn Health

## 문제

A 30-week preterm newborn is admitted to the NICU with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The infant is receiving mechanical ventilation and surfactant therapy. Which nursing assessment finding would be the highest priority for immediate intervention?

## 보기

1. Oxygen saturation of 92% on current ventilator settings
2. Heart rate of 180 beats per minute during routine care
3. Sudden decrease in oxygen saturation with asymmetrical chest movement **✔ 정답**
4. Temperature of 97.2°F (36.2°C) in the isolette

**정답: 3**

## 해설

Sudden desaturation with asymmetrical chest movement suggests pneumothorax, a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate intervention. Other findings like stable O2 saturation, tachycardia, or mild hypothermia are less urgent.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Judgment
The core of this problem is prioritization and recognition of clinical deterioration signs. A 28-week premature infant is at very high risk for pneumothorax due to RDS and mechanical ventilation. Sudden oxygen desaturation and asymmetric chest movement are classic signs of pneumothorax, indicating unilateral lung expansion failure. This is a critical clue for acute respiratory deterioration, and without rapid decompression (needle thoracentesis or chest tube insertion), it can progress to tension pneumothorax and lead to cardiac arrest, making it an immediate emergency.

Memory Tip:
A tip to remember situations where pneumothorax should be suspected: **S**udden **D**esaturation + **A**symmetry = **P**neumothorax (**SDAP**). In other words, "If it suddenly drops (Sudden Desaturation) and symmetry breaks (Asymmetry), think Pneumothorax."

KR vs US:
Both Korea and the US recognize pneumothorax as the same emergency. The difference may lie in the reporting system and initial intervention authority. In US NICUs, if a nurse detects a severe drop in oxygen saturation with asymmetric breathing, protocols are often clearly defined to immediately call the respiratory therapist (RT) and the healthcare provider (HCP) while simultaneously initiating immediate measures such as 100% oxygen delivery and patient repositioning. In Korea, the culture of receiving a doctor's order first may be stronger, but the NGN assesses the nurse's independent judgment and initial response capability.

## 임상 시나리오

Clinical Practice Guide
When monitoring for pneumothorax in a preterm infant on mechanical ventilation, check the following: 1) bilateral chest movement and expansion, 2) location of heart sounds (may shift toward the affected side in pneumothorax), 3) skin color and perfusion status, 4) blood pressure (hypotension may occur with tension pneumothorax).
Caution:
In SATA (Select All That Apply) questions that ask for the "highest priority" or "immediate intervention," you must select only one. Even if multiple abnormal findings are listed, the key is to identify the single critical sign that directly threatens life. "Sudden" and "Asymmetrical" in option 3 are exactly those danger signal words.

## 핵심 개념

- **Respiratory Distress Syndrome** — Respiratory distress syndrome. A respiratory condition in premature infants caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant, characterized by difficulty breathing, grunting, retractions, etc.
- **Pneumothorax** — Pneumothorax. A condition where air leaks from the lung into the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse (atelectasis) and impairing breathing and circulation. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency.
- **Asymmetrical Chest Movement** — Asymmetric chest movement. This refers to a difference in the degree of expansion between the two sides of the chest during breathing. It is an important physical examination finding that can appear in conditions such as pneumothorax, mainstem intubation of an endotracheal tube, or atelectasis.
- **Surfactant Therapy** — Surfactant therapy. A treatment that involves administering artificial surfactant into the trachea of premature infants with RDS to help expand the lungs and improve respiratory function.
- **Mechanical Ventilation** — Mechanical ventilation. A treatment that uses a ventilator to assist breathing in patients with insufficient respiratory function. In premature infants, positive pressure ventilation is one of the major risk factors for pneumothorax.

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