# A newborn delivered at 36 weeks gestation appears pale with decreased muscle tone. The heart rate is 90 bpm, respiratory effort is weak with irregular breathing, and the infant shows minimal response to stimulation. What is the nurse's immediate priority action?

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> language: ko  
> subject: Maternal Newborn Health

## 문제

A newborn delivered at 36 weeks gestation appears pale with decreased muscle tone. The heart rate is 90 bpm, respiratory effort is weak with irregular breathing, and the infant shows minimal response to stimulation. What is the nurse's immediate priority action?

## 보기

1. Administer supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula
2. Begin positive pressure ventilation with bag-mask device **✔ 정답**
3. Perform chest compressions at a rate of 120 per minute
4. Suction the mouth and nose with a bulb syringe

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Weak respiratory effort and bradycardia (HR 90) indicate respiratory depression, making PPV the priority to improve oxygenation. Other options (oxygen, compressions, suction) do not address inadequate ventilation as effectively.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Scenario Analysis

The newborn in this scenario presents with classic signs of inadequate respiratory transition. The assessment reveals a heart rate of 90 bpm, which falls below the critical threshold of 100 bpm that defines the need for immediate ventilatory intervention. The infant is pale, hypotonic, has weak and irregular respiratory effort, and shows minimal response to stimulation. This clinical picture indicates the infant has not successfully transitioned from fetal to neonatal circulation and is in a state of secondary apnea or severe cardiorespiratory depression.

Physiological Rationale for Priority Action

The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life requires the newborn to clear fetal lung fluid, initiate air breathing, and establish functional residual capacity. Approximately 85% of term newborns accomplish this spontaneously, but preterm infants born at 36 weeks gestation are at higher risk for respiratory insufficiency due to surfactant deficiency and immature respiratory control centers . When a newborn fails to initiate effective breathing, the immediate consequence is progressive hypoxemia, which leads to bradycardia. In neonatal resuscitation, bradycardia is almost always a respiratory problem, not a primary cardiac problem. Therefore, the most effective intervention to raise the heart rate is to establish effective ventilation, not to begin chest compressions .

The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithm is specifically designed for this transitional physiology. The algorithm prioritizes ventilation over all other interventions because effective lung inflation reverses the hypoxemia that causes the bradycardia. The 2025 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation reinforce this principle, emphasizing that timely intervention with ventilation is critical for newborns who do not initiate spontaneous breathing . The heart rate of 90 bpm triggers the initiation of positive pressure ventilation, as this is the most direct way to improve oxygenation and cardiac output in a newly born infant.

Analysis of Incorrect Options

Administering supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula (Option 1) is insufficient for an apneic or bradycardic newborn. Nasal cannula provides passive oxygen flow but does not deliver the positive pressure required to inflate the lungs, establish functional residual capacity, or stimulate the respiratory drive. This intervention would delay the critical ventilation support the infant needs.

Performing chest compressions (Option 3) is not the immediate priority. The NRP algorithm reserves chest compressions for when the heart rate remains below 60 bpm despite at least 30 seconds of effective positive pressure ventilation . Initiating compressions before ensuring adequate ventilation is physiologically futile because the underlying problem is hypoxemia, not a primary cardiac event. The heart rate of 90 bpm does not meet the threshold for compressions.

Suctioning the mouth and nose with a bulb syringe (Option 4) is appropriate for clearing secretions in a vigorous newborn but is not the priority for a depressed infant with bradycardia. While airway clearance is a component of the initial steps of resuscitation, the MR SOPA mnemonic (Mask adjustment, Repositioning head/airway, Suctioning, Open mouth, Pressure increase, Alternative airway) identifies suctioning as a corrective step when ventilation is inadequate, not as a primary intervention before ventilation begins . In a non-vigorous newborn with a heart rate below 100 bpm, positive pressure ventilation takes precedence over routine suctioning.

Clinical Application of the NRP Algorithm

The NRP algorithm provides a clear, evidence-based sequence for this scenario. The initial steps include providing warmth, positioning the airway, clearing secretions if needed, drying, and stimulating. When the newborn fails to respond to these initial steps and the heart rate remains below 100 bpm with inadequate respirations, the algorithm directs the provider to initiate positive pressure ventilation within the first 60 seconds of life . The bag-mask device allows delivery of controlled positive pressure breaths that inflate the lungs, displace fetal lung fluid, and establish the air-liquid interface necessary for gas exchange. Effective ventilation is confirmed by a rising heart rate, which is the most sensitive indicator of successful resuscitation.

For a preterm infant at 36 weeks gestation, special considerations include using the lowest oxygen concentration necessary to achieve target oxygen saturations and providing gentle, consistent inflation pressures to avoid volutrauma. The 2025 guidelines also emphasize deferred cord clamping for at least 60 seconds in vigorous preterm infants, though in this scenario the infant is already delivered and not vigorous, so the immediate focus shifts entirely to establishing ventilation . The distinction between NRP and PALS algorithms is critical here: NRP is designed specifically for the transitional physiology of the newborn, where ventilation is the key to correcting bradycardia, whereas PALS addresses cardiac arrest in older infants and children where cardiac compressions and defibrillation play a more central role .

## 임상 시나리오

Neonatal Resuscitation: Ventilation FirstBradycardia is a respiratory problem until proven otherwise
The most common cause of neonatal bradycardia is respiratory failure and hypoxemia. If the heart rate is below 100 bpm despite initial stimulation, the priority is to establish effective ventilation.

Initiate positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with a bag-mask device using 21% (room air) oxygen for term and late preterm infants. Assess for chest rise and heart rate response within 30 seconds.

CautionDo not delay PPV to administer free-flow oxygen or perform deep suctioning in a non-vigorous, bradycardic newborn. Chest compressions are initiated only if the heart rate remains

## 핵심 개념

- **Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)** — Delivery of breaths using a bag-mask device to establish functional residual capacity and effective gas exchange in a non-breathing or inadequately breathing newborn.
- **NRP Algorithm** — A standardized sequence of interventions starting with warming, drying, stimulating, and progressing to PPV, chest compressions, and medications based on heart rate and respiratory effort.
- **Secondary Apnea** — A pathological state where a newborn ceases breathing after a period of gasping, leading to a drop in heart rate and blood pressure that requires assisted ventilation to reverse.

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