# A 32-year-old woman at 38 weeks gestation is experiencing sudden onset of severe dyspnea, chest pain, and altered mental status during labor. Her vital signs show: BP 80/40 mmHg, HR 130 bpm, RR 32/min, O2 sat 85%. The fetal heart rate shows severe bradycardia at 80 bpm. What is the nurse's highest priority action?

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> subject: Maternal Newborn Health

## 문제

A 32-year-old woman at 38 weeks gestation is experiencing sudden onset of severe dyspnea, chest pain, and altered mental status during labor. Her vital signs show: BP 80/40 mmHg, HR 130 bpm, RR 32/min, O2 sat 85%. The fetal heart rate shows severe bradycardia at 80 bpm. What is the nurse's highest priority action?

## 보기

1. Administer high-flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask to improve maternal oxygenation
2. Establish large-bore IV access and begin fluid resuscitation for hypotension
3. Prepare for immediate cesarean delivery while initiating cardiopulmonary support **✔ 정답**
4. Position patient in left lateral decubitus position to relieve aortocaval compression

**정답: 3**

## 해설

ASP requires immediate delivery (cesarean) combined with maternal resuscitation to prevent death. Other options are supportive but delay critical intervention.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Presentation Analysis

This clinical scenario depicts a catastrophic intrapartum event. The sudden onset of severe dyspnea, chest pain, altered mental status, profound hypotension (BP 80/40 mmHg), tachycardia (HR 130 bpm), tachypnea, and hypoxemia (O2 sat 85%) during labor is the classic presentation of an amniotic fluid embolism (AFE). The concurrent fetal bradycardia (80 bpm) indicates a profound uteroplacental insufficiency secondary to maternal cardiovascular collapse. AFE is an unpredictable and critical obstetric emergency triggered by the entry of amniotic fluid components—fetal cells, hair, and debris—into the maternal circulation, leading to a biphasic reaction of acute respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and often, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) [2].

Prioritization Rationale

In a maternal code blue scenario with a viable fetus, the principle guiding the highest priority action is that maternal resuscitation is fetal resuscitation. The profound hypoxemia and hypotension must be reversed to restore uteroplacental perfusion. However, in the context of an AFE with complete cardiovascular collapse, basic supportive measures alone are insufficient. The pathophysiology involves acute right ventricular failure from pulmonary vascular obstruction and subsequent left ventricular failure, which does not resolve with simple fluid resuscitation or position changes alone [2]. Definitive management requires simultaneously addressing the underlying obstetric cause while providing maximal cardiopulmonary support. Therefore, preparing for an immediate cesarean delivery while initiating cardiopulmonary support is the only action that both treats the root cause and facilitates effective maternal resuscitation. Delivery relieves aortocaval compression and removes the catecholamine demands of the fetus, significantly improving the efficacy of chest compressions and maternal hemodynamics .

Analysis of Incorrect Options

- Option 1: Administering high-flow oxygen is a critical and immediate intervention for hypoxemia. However, in the setting of cardiovascular collapse with a non-perfusing rhythm or severe hypotension, oxygenation alone will not restore cardiac output. This is a component of the resuscitation bundle but is not the singular highest priority action that encompasses definitive treatment.

- Option 2: Establishing large-bore IV access and beginning fluid resuscitation is essential for managing hypotension. However, in AFE, the cardiovascular collapse is primarily due to obstructive shock and myocardial dysfunction, not hypovolemia. Aggressive fluid resuscitation can worsen pulmonary edema and right ventricular strain. While access is needed for vasopressors, the immediate priority is to mobilize the team for delivery and coordinated cardiopulmonary support .

- Option 4: Positioning the patient in the left lateral decubitus position relieves aortocaval compression and is a standard first-line intervention for intrapartum hypotension. Nevertheless, the severity of this presentation—with altered mental status and profound shock—indicates a process far beyond simple positional hypotension. While this can be done concurrently, it is not the definitive, highest-priority action that will resolve the underlying AFE and restore maternal circulation .

Pathophysiology and Clinical Correlation

The mechanism of AFE involves an anaphylactoid reaction to fetal antigens entering the maternal pulmonary vasculature. This causes intense pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to acute cor pulmonale, respiratory failure, and left ventricular dysfunction. The subsequent DIC, noted in many case reports, results from the procoagulant activity of amniotic fluid, leading to massive hemorrhage . This explains why the patient may rapidly transition from cardiovascular collapse to hemorrhagic shock, often requiring massive transfusion protocols and, in some cases, hysterectomy . The presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO), as noted in some cases, can lead to paradoxical emboli causing embolic stroke, further complicating the neurological outcome . The nurse must recognize that the only chance for both maternal and fetal survival is immediate delivery, as the gravid uterus impedes effective chest compressions and venous return during resuscitation efforts .References (research sources)

- [2]Successful management of amniotic fluid embolism with cardiac arrest and liver rupture: a case report.Case reportLiu J, Ma S, Wang Y, Wei F. (2026) · DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1777512

## 임상 시나리오

Clinical Practice Guide: Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) Response

- **Recognize the signs:** Sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, altered mental status, profound hypotension, tachycardia, and hypoxemia during labor or immediately postpartum. Fetal bradycardia indicates severe uteroplacental insufficiency.

- **Activate the emergency response system:** Call a maternal code blue and mobilize the full resuscitation team, including obstetrics, anesthesia, neonatology, and critical care.

- **Initiate high-quality CPR:** If the patient is in cardiac arrest, start chest compressions immediately with manual left uterine displacement to relieve aortocaval compression.

- **Prepare for perimortem cesarean delivery:** If there is no return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) within 4 minutes of maternal cardiac arrest, initiate the procedure to aid maternal resuscitation and deliver the fetus.

- **Provide advanced life support:** Secure the airway and ventilate with 100% oxygen. Establish large-bore IV access. Administer vasopressors and inotropes as directed for cardiogenic and distributive shock. Avoid excessive fluid administration to prevent pulmonary edema.

- **Anticipate and manage coagulopathy:** Prepare for massive transfusion protocol early, as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a common and rapid sequela of AFE.

## 핵심 개념

- **Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE)** — A rare, catastrophic obstetric emergency where amniotic fluid or fetal material enters the maternal circulation, causing sudden cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure, and often DIC.
- **Perimortem cesarean delivery** — An emergency cesarean section performed during maternal cardiac arrest to aid maternal resuscitation by relieving aortocaval compression and to deliver a viable fetus.
- **Maternal code blue** — A cardiac arrest in a pregnant woman, requiring modifications to standard resuscitation including left uterine displacement and consideration of perimortem cesarean delivery.
- **Aortocaval compression** — Compression of the aorta and inferior vena cava by the gravid uterus when supine, reducing venous return and cardiac output, worsening hypotension.
- **Uteroplacental insufficiency** — Inadequate blood flow to the placenta, leading to fetal hypoxia and bradycardia, often secondary to maternal hypotension or hypoxemia.

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