# A nurse is triaging patients in the emergency department following a chemical spill incident. Using the START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) system, which patient should receive the highest priority (RED tag)?

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## 문제

A nurse is triaging patients in the emergency department following a chemical spill incident. Using the START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) system, which patient should receive the highest priority (RED tag)?

## 보기

1. A 45-year-old male who is ambulatory, has minor lacerations on his arms, and is asking for water
2. A 30-year-old female who is unconscious, has no spontaneous respirations, and whose airway remains obstructed after manual opening
3. A 25-year-old male who is conscious but unable to walk, has a suspected femur fracture, and has a rapid, weak radial pulse
4. A 35-year-old female who is conscious, has difficulty breathing with a respiratory rate of 35/min, and a heart rate of 125/min **✔ 정답**

**정답: 4**

## 해설

Patient 4 is a RED tag per START: non-ambulatory, respiratory distress (RR 35/min), and tachycardia (125/min) indicate immediate life-saving intervention needed. Other patients are lower priority: ambulatory (green), deceased/unsalvageable (black), or delayed treatment (yellow).

## 심화 해설

Understanding the START Triage System

In a mass casualty incident such as a chemical spill, resources are limited, and the goal of triage shifts from providing the most care to providing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) system is designed to quickly categorize patients based on the severity of their condition, using a rapid assessment of respirations, perfusion, and mental status (RPM). A patient who is tagged RED (Immediate) has a life-threatening condition that can be stabilized with immediate intervention and has a reasonable chance of survival. The systematic review by Tahernejad et al. highlights that modern triage systems, including those potentially augmented by artificial intelligence, are built upon these foundational clinical algorithms to manage the challenge of overwhelming patient volumes during disasters [1].

Analysis of Each Option

Option 1: A 45-year-old male who is ambulatory, has minor lacerations on his arms, and is asking for water.

This patient is ambulatory, which is the first assessment in the START system. Patients who can walk are initially designated as GREEN (Minor) and are only re-assessed after all non-ambulatory patients have been triaged. His minor lacerations are not life-threatening, and his ability to ask for water indicates a patent airway and adequate mental status. He does not require immediate, life-saving intervention.

Option 2: A 30-year-old female who is unconscious, has no spontaneous respirations, and whose airway remains obstructed after manual opening.

The START algorithm begins by checking for respirations. If a patient is not breathing, the first responder performs a manual airway opening maneuver. If the patient remains apneic, they are tagged BLACK (Deceased/Expectant). In a mass casualty event, the resources required for resuscitation are diverted to patients with a higher probability of survival. This patient’s condition is incompatible with life given the disaster context.

Option 3: A 25-year-old male who is conscious but unable to walk, has a suspected femur fracture, and has a rapid, weak radial pulse.

This patient is not ambulatory, so we assess RPM. He is conscious, which means his mental status is adequate. The presence of a radial pulse, even if rapid and weak, indicates a systolic blood pressure of at least 80 mmHg and adequate perfusion. According to START, he would be tagged YELLOW (Delayed). His condition, while serious, is not immediately life-threatening, and his treatment can be delayed while RED-tag patients receive care.

Option 4: A 35-year-old female who is conscious, has difficulty breathing with a respiratory rate of 35/min, and a heart rate of 125/min.

This patient is not ambulatory, so we proceed with the RPM assessment. Her respiratory rate is 35/min, which is greater than 30/min—an immediate life-threatening condition in the START system. Tachypnea at this rate indicates severe respiratory distress and compromised gas exchange, which can rapidly lead to hypoxemia and clinical deterioration. The tachycardia of 125/min is a compensatory mechanism for hypoxemia and is a critical finding. Because she has a life-threatening respiratory failure that is immediately correctable with interventions like airway support and oxygen, she is the highest priority and receives a RED (Immediate) tag. The foundational logic of such triage algorithms is to identify and prioritize these exact physiological derangements, a process that intelligent triage systems aim to support and standardize [1].References (research sources)

- [1]Application of artificial intelligence in triage in emergencies and disasters: a systematic review.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewTahernejad A, Sahebi A, Abadi ASS, Safari M. (2024) · DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-20447-3

## 임상 시나리오

Clinical Practice Guide: START Triage in Mass Casualty Incidents

**Core Principle:** The goal of triage shifts from individual-focused care to providing the greatest good for the greatest number. The START system uses the RPM mnemonic (Respirations, Perfusion, Mental Status) to rapidly sort patients in under 60 seconds per patient.

**RPM Algorithm Flow:**

- **Respirations:** If apneic, manually open the airway. If breathing resumes, tag RED. If still apneic, tag BLACK. If breathing spontaneously, assess rate. A rate over 30/min or under 10/min tags RED. A normal rate triggers the next step.

- **Perfusion:** Check radial pulse or capillary refill. Absent radial pulse or capillary refill over 2 seconds indicates shock and tags RED. A present radial pulse triggers the next step.

- **Mental Status:** Assess ability to follow simple commands (e.g., "Squeeze my hand"). If the patient cannot follow commands, tag RED. If they can, tag YELLOW (Delayed).

**Special Consideration:** All ambulatory patients who can walk to a designated area are immediately tagged GREEN (Minor) and are the lowest priority. They are only reassessed after all non-ambulatory patients are triaged. Do not delay the sorting process by treating injuries during the initial triage sweep.

## 핵심 개념

- **START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment)** — Rapid triage system used in mass casualty incidents. Patients are assigned color tags (red/yellow/green/black) by sequentially assessing ambulation, respiration, perfusion, and mental status.
- **Triage** — The process of determining treatment priorities for patients under limited resources. In disasters, the principle of utility based on survivability is applied.
- **RED Tag** — A severely ill patient who requires immediate treatment and has a high chance of survival if treated. They show symptoms such as difficulty breathing, severe shock, and uncontrolled bleeding.
- **BLACK Tag** — After airway repositioning, the patient still has no breathing or has a significantly low chance of survival that makes lifesaving unlikely. With current resources, treatment is delayed or withheld.
- **Capillary Refill Time** — An indicator for assessing peripheral perfusion status. It measures the time for color to return after pressing on the fingertip or sternum; exceeding 2 seconds is abnormal (Abnormal) and is a RED tag indicator.

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