# A nurse is assessing a patient 6 hours after orthopedic surgery for a fractured femur. Which assessment finding would be the most critical priority requiring immediate intervention?

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## 문제

A nurse is assessing a patient 6 hours after orthopedic surgery for a fractured femur. Which assessment finding would be the most critical priority requiring immediate intervention?

## 보기

1. Oxygen saturation of 88% on room air
2. Blood pressure 88/52 mmHg with heart rate 118 bpm **✔ 정답**
3. Urinary output of 25 mL in the past 2 hours
4. Pain level of 8/10 at the surgical site

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Hypotension with tachycardia suggests hemorrhage or shock, requiring immediate intervention per ABC priorities. Other findings are less critical at this time.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Priority Analysis

This question tests your ability to apply the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) framework and recognize early signs of hemorrhagic shock in a postoperative orthopedic patient. While all findings require attention, you must identify the cluster of cues signaling the most immediate threat to life.

Deep Dive into the Correct Answer (Option 2)

A blood pressure of 88/52 mmHg combined with a heart rate of 118 bpm is a classic presentation of Stage II (Decompensated) Hypovolemic Shock. Femur fractures can result in significant blood loss, often exceeding 1,000–1,500 mL, into the thigh compartment. The pathophysiology here is a critical drop in circulating volume. As blood volume decreases, the heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output (compensatory tachycardia). When compensation fails, systolic blood pressure drops. The narrowed pulse pressure (systolic 88 minus diastolic 52 = 36 mmHg) indicates peripheral vasoconstriction, a desperate attempt by the body to shunt blood to vital organs. This hemodynamic instability directly reflects the primary outcome measure of intraoperative and postoperative instability discussed in the context of femur fracture management [2]. Immediate intervention with fluid resuscitation and investigation for the bleeding source is required to prevent progression to irreversible shock.

Why Other Options Are Not the Immediate Priority

**Option 1 (Oxygen saturation of 88% on room air):** This represents a breathing problem and hypoxemia requiring prompt oxygen therapy. However, in the context of a low circulating volume, hypoxia is likely a secondary effect of poor oxygen delivery (tissue hypoperfusion) rather than a primary pulmonary issue. Addressing the circulatory collapse (Option 2) will improve perfusion and, consequently, oxygen delivery. The airway and breathing are currently manageable with supplemental oxygen, but the circulatory failure is the root cause and will lead to respiratory arrest if not corrected first.

**Option 3 (Urinary output of 25 mL in the past 2 hours):** An output of less than 30 mL/hour defines oliguria and is a significant sign of decreased renal perfusion, a hallmark of shock. However, oliguria is a later and less immediately life-threatening sign than hypotension and tachycardia. It confirms the body is shunting blood away from non-vital organs (kidneys, skin) to preserve the heart and brain. While this finding strongly supports the diagnosis of shock, the hemodynamic parameters in Option 2 are the direct trigger for emergency intervention.

**Option 4 (Pain level of 8/10 at the surgical site):** Pain is a subjective symptom and a critical nursing concern requiring analgesia. However, administering narcotics to a patient with a blood pressure of 88/52 mmHg could cause catastrophic cardiovascular collapse due to vasodilation and myocardial depression. The circulatory status must be stabilized before addressing pain. This follows the safety principle of managing the most lethal condition first.

Connecting to Postoperative Anemia and Transfusion

Your assessment findings directly inform the decision-making around blood transfusion, a key debate in postoperative orthopedic care. The hemodynamic instability you identified (tachycardia, hypotension) is a clinical trigger that often overrides a restrictive transfusion strategy based solely on a hemoglobin number. Current research comparing liberal versus restrictive blood transfusion strategies after hip surgery highlights that while a restrictive protocol is often safe, the presence of active hemodynamic compromise or ongoing bleeding necessitates a more urgent, liberal approach to restore tissue oxygenation . Your recognition of these shock signs is the first step in advocating for a potentially life-saving transfusion.

References (research sources)

- [2]Peripheral nerve blocks vs selective spinal anesthesia in patients with femur fracture: a patient-, surgeon-, and assessor-blinded randomized controlled study.RCT/clinical trialCoviello A, Cirillo D, Bernasconi A, de Siena AU, Spasari E, Barone MS, Piccione I, Ranieri G, Tognù A, Servillo G, Iacovazzo C. (2025) · DOI: 10.1186/s44158-025-00302-6

## 임상 시나리오

Recognizing Postoperative Hemorrhagic Shock After Orthopedic Surgery

A femur fracture can result in significant hidden blood loss (>1,000 mL) into the thigh compartment. Early recognition of decompensated shock is critical for preventing irreversible outcomes.

Key Assessment Findings

- **Cardiovascular:** Tachycardia (HR >100 bpm) followed by hypotension (SBP

## 핵심 개념

- **Decompensated Shock** — The stage of shock where compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to a drop in systolic blood pressure, narrowed pulse pressure, and persistent tachycardia.
- **Pulse Pressure** — The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure; a narrowed pulse pressure (e.g., 36 mmHg) is an early sign of peripheral vasoconstriction in hypovolemia.
- **ABC Framework** — A prioritization method (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) used to identify immediate life threats; massive hemorrhage falls under Circulation.

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