# A 6-year-old child with nephrotic syndrome is being cared for by the nurse. The child has been receiving corticosteroid therapy for 2 weeks and shows signs of clinical improvement. Which nursing intervention should be prioritized to prevent the most serious complication during the recovery phase? > source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr) > url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=542528 > language: ko > subject: Child Health ## 문제 A 6-year-old child with nephrotic syndrome is being cared for by the nurse. The child has been receiving corticosteroid therapy for 2 weeks and shows signs of clinical improvement. Which nursing intervention should be prioritized to prevent the most serious complication during the recovery phase? ## 보기 1. Monitor daily weight and fluid intake to detect fluid retention 2. Assess for respiratory distress and lung sounds every 4 hours 3. Implement strict infection control and monitor for signs of infection **✔ 정답** 4. Encourage high-protein diet to replace lost albumin and protein **정답: 3** ## 해설 Children on corticosteroids for nephrotic syndrome are immunosuppressed, making infection the most serious complication. Strict infection control and monitoring are prioritized over weight/fluid monitoring, respiratory assessment, or diet. ## 심화 해설 Understanding the Priority During Recovery from Nephrotic Syndrome The child in this scenario has nephrotic syndrome and is showing clinical improvement after two weeks of corticosteroid therapy. While this is a positive sign, the recovery phase presents a critical safety challenge. The primary nursing priority is not managing the disease process itself, but preventing the most lethal complication associated with its treatment: infection. Why Infection is the Greatest Threat The combination of the disease pathophysiology and its primary treatment creates a profoundly immunocompromised state. Nephrotic syndrome causes a massive loss of proteins in the urine, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) that are essential for fighting bacteria and viruses. When corticosteroid therapy is added, it suppresses the immune system's cellular response, further weakening the body's defenses. This dual effect leaves the patient exceptionally vulnerable to severe, opportunistic, and often fulminant infections. A seemingly minor exposure can rapidly progress to sepsis, as the body lacks the necessary immune components to contain it. The provided evidence directly supports this life-threatening risk. One case report describes a pediatric patient with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome who developed a fulminant bloodstream infection from Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium that typically causes only mild, self-limiting diarrhea [1]. In this immunocompromised child, the infection led to septic shock requiring intensive care. Another report documents a patient with minimal change nephrotic syndrome who suffered a complex pulmonary mixed infection involving Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [2]. This combination of rare bacterial and viral pathogens highlights the extreme susceptibility to organisms that a healthy immune system would easily control. A third case illustrates a child with an underlying immune-related condition who developed a fatal complication, varicella-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), after a common viral infection . While this child had IgA vasculitis, not nephrotic syndrome, the mechanism is directly transferable: an already dysregulated immune system, further suppressed by therapy, can fail catastrophically when encountering a pathogen. These cases collectively demonstrate that for a child on corticosteroids, infection is not just a common side effect, but a potential trigger for a rapid, overwhelming, and fatal cascade. Analyzing the Other Options While the other nursing interventions are important components of care, they do not address the most immediate, life-threatening risk during the recovery phase. - Monitoring daily weight and fluid intake: This is a standard intervention for managing the edema and fluid retention associated with nephrotic syndrome. However, the scenario states the child is showing clinical improvement on corticosteroids, meaning diuresis has likely begun and fluid overload is being corrected. While still relevant, it is no longer the highest priority compared to a new, lethal threat like infection. - Assessing for respiratory distress: This is a critical intervention for monitoring a patient with potential fluid overload causing pulmonary edema. However, in the context of a clinically improving child, respiratory distress would more likely be an early sign of a severe pulmonary infection, as seen in the case of the mixed Nocardia and HCMV infection [2]. The priority is to prevent the infection that causes the distress, making infection control the upstream, preventative action. - Encouraging a high-protein diet: This was a historical practice to replace lost protein, but it is no longer recommended. A high-protein diet can actually damage the nephrons and worsen the underlying kidney condition. The current standard is a diet with adequate, but not excessive, protein. This intervention is not only lower priority but is also based on outdated and potentially harmful rationale. The most serious complication to prevent is a severe infection that can lead to sepsis and death. Therefore, implementing strict infection control measures and proactively monitoring for subtle signs of infection, such as a low-grade fever or behavioral changes, is the non-negotiable priority [1, 2, 3].References (research sources) - [1]Fulminant campylobacter jejuni bacteremia complicating steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in a pediatric patient: a case report.Case reportElmezayen ZW, Adi M, Albaroudi FH, Elmezayen RW. (2026) · DOI: 10.1186/s12879-026-13249-y - [2]Case Report: Pulmonary mixed infection by <i>Nocardia cyriacigeorgica</i>, <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>, and <i>human cytomegalovirus</i> in a patient with minimal change nephrotic syndrome.Case reportLi Y, Ye J, Zhang C, Gao W, Zhang H, Zheng C, Feng Z, Song M, Hao J, Zuo H, Zhao Z, Guo Y, Zhang L. (2025) · DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1599958 ## 임상 시나리오 Infection Prevention in Nephrotic Syndrome RecoveryManaging the Dual Immunosuppression Risk from Disease and Steroid Therapy The recovery phase in nephrotic syndrome creates a profoundly immunocompromised state. The disease causes urinary loss of immunoglobulins, while corticosteroid therapy suppresses cellular immunity. This dual effect makes the patient exceptionally vulnerable to fulminant, opportunistic infections that can rapidly progress to sepsis. Prioritize strict infection control measures: enforce meticulous hand hygiene for all contacts, implement protective isolation if indicated, and ensure all equipment is dedicated or thoroughly disinfected. Monitor closely for subtle signs of infection, such as a low-grade fever, as the inflammatory response may be blunted. CautionA low-grade temperature in this population is a critical finding. Do not dismiss it; it may be the only early sign of a life-threatening infection. Avoid rectal temperatures or suppositories due to the risk of mucosal injury and bacterial entry. Live vaccines are contraindicated during high-dose steroid therapy. ## 핵심 개념 - **Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP)** — A severe infection of ascitic fluid without an apparent intra-abdominal source, a life-threatening complication in nephrotic syndrome due to immunosuppression and loss of opsonins. - **Immunoglobulin Loss** — The urinary excretion of antibodies in nephrotic syndrome, which depletes protective proteins and increases susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria. - **Corticosteroid Immunosuppression** — The therapeutic effect of steroids that reduces inflammation but also impairs the immune response, masking signs of infection like fever. - **Opsonization** — The process by which pathogens are marked for destruction by the immune system, impaired in nephrotic syndrome due to loss of complement proteins. ## 같은 주제 문제 - [A 5-year-old child with nephrotic syndrome is being assessed by the nurse. 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