# A nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who is being admitted to the pediatric unit for appendectomy. The child exhibits repetitive hand-flapping behaviors, has difficulty with verbal communication, and becomes agitated with changes in routine. Which nursing intervention should be the priority to help the child adapt to the hospital environment?

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## 문제

A nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who is being admitted to the pediatric unit for appendectomy. The child exhibits repetitive hand-flapping behaviors, has difficulty with verbal communication, and becomes agitated with changes in routine. Which nursing intervention should be the priority to help the child adapt to the hospital environment?

## 보기

1. Encourage the child to interact with other children in the playroom to improve social skills
2. Establish a consistent daily routine and use visual schedules to communicate activities **✔ 정답**
3. Limit the parents' presence to help the child become more independent
4. Provide multiple sensory stimulation activities to help with developmental progress

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Children with ASD benefit from predictable routines and visual schedules to reduce anxiety and promote cooperation, which is the priority in a hospital setting. Other options, such as encouraging social interaction or limiting parental presence, may increase stress or are not immediately supportive.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Priority for a Child with ASD in an Acute Care Setting

When a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is admitted to a hospital for a surgical procedure like an appendectomy, the unfamiliar environment represents a significant assault on their senses and established patterns. The priority nursing intervention is not to advance developmental milestones or enforce social norms during this time of acute stress, but to mitigate the core triggers of their distress. The correct answer is to establish a consistent daily routine and use visual schedules to communicate activities.

The systematic review by Johnson and Rodriguez identifies the challenging behaviors that health care providers often encounter with hospitalized children with ASD, categorizing them into non-compliance, hyperactivity, sensory defensiveness, and self-injury [1]. These behaviors are not willful misconduct; they are often manifestations of overwhelming anxiety triggered by a loss of predictability. A child who relies on repetitive hand-flapping for self-regulation and struggles with verbal communication is already operating at a high baseline level of stress. The hospital environment, with its novel sounds, smells, people, and constantly shifting schedules, can easily exceed their coping capacity, leading to agitation and an inability to cooperate with essential pre- and post-operative care.

This is precisely why a structured, predictable environment becomes the primary therapeutic tool. By establishing a consistent daily routine, the nurse directly combats the anxiety that stems from unpredictability. A visual schedule translates an abstract and confusing sequence of events into a concrete, understandable format that bypasses the child's verbal communication difficulties. This strategy aligns with the core principles of Patient- and Family-Centered Care (PFCC) described by Endo et al., where a personalized care plan is developed by collaborating closely with the family to manage severe anxiety and behavioral difficulties that hinder medical procedures [2]. The family is the expert on the child's specific routines and reinforcers, and partnering with them to build a schedule is a direct clinical application of this evidence.

The other options are contraindicated because they ignore the child's immediate neurobiological needs. Encouraging interaction with other children in a playroom introduces a high level of unpredictable social and sensory input, which is likely to trigger sensory defensiveness and agitation rather than improve social skills during an acute illness episode. Limiting parental presence removes the child’s primary source of security and communication support, which contradicts the PFCC model's emphasis on family collaboration and would escalate distress [2]. Providing multiple sensory stimulation activities, while seemingly therapeutic, is counterproductive; the hospital is already a hyper-stimulating environment, and the child needs a reduction in sensory input to achieve a calm, regulated state, a principle supported by specialized inpatient program designs . The foundational step for any further intervention is creating a predictable, comprehensible, and low-threat environment through routine and visual communication.References (research sources)

- [1]Children with autism spectrum disorder at a pediatric hospital: a systematic review of the literature.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewNorah L. Johnson, Dana Rodriguez (2013)

- [2]Patient- and Family-Centered Care for the Emergency Admission of a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Research articleEndo A, Nakamura A, Nakagawa M, Suzuki M, Shimizu T. (2026) · DOI: 10.14789/ejmj.jmj25-0029-cr

## 임상 시나리오

Hospitalized Child with ASD: Priority CareReducing anxiety through structure and predictability
The top priority for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in an acute care setting is to establish a consistent daily routine. Unfamiliar environments trigger extreme anxiety, often manifesting as non-compliance, hyperactivity, or self-injury.

Use visual schedules with pictures or icons to communicate each step of the hospital process. This bypasses verbal communication deficits and provides the predictability needed for the child to feel safe and cooperate with pre- and post-operative care.

CautionDo not attempt to advance social skills or provide multiple new sensory activities during hospitalization. Limiting parental presence removes the child's primary security source. The goal is to reduce sensory overload, not add to it.

## 핵심 개념

- **Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)** — A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors, often including sensory sensitivities.
- **Visual Schedules** — A tool using pictures, icons, or written words to represent a sequence of activities, providing predictability and reducing anxiety for individuals with communication or cognitive challenges.
- **Sensory Defensiveness** — A tendency to react negatively or with alarm to sensory input that is typically considered harmless, common in ASD, leading to agitation or withdrawal.
- **Appendectomy** — Surgical removal of the appendix, typically performed urgently to treat appendicitis, requiring hospitalization and pre/post-operative care.
- **Predictability** — The quality of being expected or able to be anticipated, a crucial element in reducing anxiety for individuals with ASD who thrive on routine.

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