# A nurse is caring for an 8-month-old infant who underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement for hydrocephalus 3 days ago. The infant's parents report that the baby has been increasingly irritable, refusing feeds, and has had three episodes of vomiting in the past 4 hours. The nurse notices the infant's anterior fontanelle appears more tense than previously documented, and the head circumference has increased by 1 cm since yesterday's measurement. Which nursing intervention should be the priority?

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> subject: Child Health

## 문제

A nurse is caring for an 8-month-old infant who underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement for hydrocephalus 3 days ago. The infant's parents report that the baby has been increasingly irritable, refusing feeds, and has had three episodes of vomiting in the past 4 hours. The nurse notices the infant's anterior fontanelle appears more tense than previously documented, and the head circumference has increased by 1 cm since yesterday's measurement. Which nursing intervention should be the priority?

## 보기

1. Administer prescribed antiemetic medication to control vomiting
2. Encourage small, frequent feedings to maintain nutritional status
3. Position the infant in semi-Fowler's position to promote comfort
4. Immediately notify the neurosurgeon and prepare for emergency assessment **✔ 정답**

**정답: 4**

## 해설

Irritability, vomiting, tense fontanelle, and increased head circumference indicate VP shunt malfunction with rising intracranial pressure, a neurosurgical emergency requiring immediate notification of the neurosurgeon. Other interventions are supportive but do not address the urgent threat.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology

The infant is exhibiting classic signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a medical emergency indicative of shunt malfunction. The triad of irritability, vomiting, and a tense, bulging anterior fontanelle, combined with an acute increase in head circumference of 1 cm in 24 hours, points directly to a failure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. In an 8-month-old, the cranial sutures are not yet fused, allowing the skull to expand as CSF accumulates, but this compensatory mechanism is acutely overwhelmed, leading to rapid neurological deterioration. The underlying pathophysiology is obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to shunt failure, which can be caused by proximal obstruction, distal malabsorption, disconnection, or, as highlighted in the provided literature, rare mechanical complications such as catheter migration or pseudocyst formation.

Analysis of Priority Intervention

The correct priority is to immediately notify the neurosurgeon and prepare for emergency assessment. This is the only intervention that addresses the root cause of the clinical deterioration. The symptoms are not due to a primary gastrointestinal issue, a positional problem, or a simple feeding intolerance; they are neurological red flags. The provided case reports underscore the urgency and potential lethality of such presentations. For instance, a case of an abdominal CSF pseudocyst described a fatal outcome in an infant, highlighting the severe consequences of delayed recognition and management of shunt complications [1]. Similarly, other rare but critical complications like intrathoracic or complete intracranial shunt migration present with symptoms of raised ICP and require urgent surgical intervention to prevent irreversible brain injury or death [2,4]. The nurse's immediate action of notifying the surgeon and preparing the infant for emergent evaluation, which may include a shunt series (X-rays), computed tomography (CT) scan, or a shunt tap, is the critical step that facilitates definitive diagnosis and life-saving surgical revision.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect

- Administering an antiemetic (Option 1) is a temporizing measure that dangerously masks a cardinal sign of increased ICP. Vomiting in this context is central in origin due to pressure on the brainstem's vomiting center, not a primary gastric irritation. Treating the symptom without addressing the rising ICP could lead to a false sense of security while the infant progresses to bradycardia, hypertension, and irregular respirations (Cushing's triad), a late and ominous sign.

- Encouraging small, frequent feedings (Option 2) is contraindicated. The infant is refusing feeds due to nausea and increased ICP, and continued attempts at oral feeding significantly increase the risk of aspiration in a neurologically compromised patient. Nutritional status is a secondary concern to the acute neurological emergency.

- Positioning in semi-Fowler's position (Option 3) is a comfort measure that may be part of the care plan for a stable patient with a VP shunt to promote CSF drainage via gravity. However, in the setting of an acute malfunction with a complete or near-complete obstruction, this intervention will be ineffective and delays the definitive surgical management that is urgently required. The priority is not comfort but immediate neurosurgical evaluation.References (research sources)

- [1]Rare case of intraperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A case report and literature review.Case reportJaber Amin JH, Eldouma MYM, Elsheik Mohammed SB, Mohamed SeedAhmed RA, Mahgoob AM. (2026) · DOI: 10.25259/sni_592_2025

## 임상 시나리오

Recognizing VP Shunt Malfunction in InfantsA Postoperative Emergency
The classic triad for shunt malfunction is irritability, vomiting, and a tense, bulging fontanelle. A rapid increase in head circumference (>1 cm in 24 hours) confirms acute decompensation.

This is a neurosurgical emergency. The priority intervention is immediate notification of the neurosurgeon and preparation for an emergency assessment, which may include a CT scan or shunt series.

CautionNever assume vomiting is a primary GI issue in a child with a VP shunt. Administering antiemetics or encouraging feeds masks the cardinal sign of increased intracranial pressure and delays life-saving surgical intervention.

## 핵심 개념

- **VP Shunt Malfunction** — Failure of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to drain cerebrospinal fluid, often due to obstruction, disconnection, or infection, leading to acute hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure.
- **Bulging Anterior Fontanelle** — A tense, elevated soft spot on an infant's skull, a cardinal sign of increased intracranial pressure before the cranial sutures have fused.
- **Hydrocephalus** — An abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure and head enlargement.

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