# A client arrives at the emergency department with a chemical burn to the right eye from exposure to a strong alkaline cleaning solution. Which nursing intervention should be the immediate priority?

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## 문제

A client arrives at the emergency department with a chemical burn to the right eye from exposure to a strong alkaline cleaning solution. Which nursing intervention should be the immediate priority?

## 보기

1. Apply a sterile eye patch to prevent further contamination
2. Administer prescribed topical anesthetic drops to reduce pain
3. Initiate continuous irrigation with normal saline or sterile water **✔ 정답**
4. Obtain a detailed history of the chemical exposure incident

**정답: 3**

## 해설

Immediate copious irrigation is the most critical intervention for chemical eye burns, especially alkaline burns which can cause severe and progressive tissue damage.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Priority: Chemical Ocular Burn

Chemical burns to the eye, particularly from alkaline substances, represent a true ophthalmic emergency. Alkali agents are lipophilic and rapidly penetrate ocular tissues, causing saponification of cell membranes, collagen degradation, and thrombosis of limbal blood vessels. The damage continues long after the initial contact, which is why the duration of tissue exposure to the chemical is the single most critical factor determining the final visual outcome. The immediate priority is not assessment, pain management, or covering the eye — it is halting the ongoing injury through dilution and removal of the offending agent.

Why Immediate Irrigation is the Priority

The correct intervention is to initiate continuous irrigation with normal saline or sterile water. This must begin instantly, even before a detailed history is taken or visual acuity is formally assessed. The goal is to lower the tear film pH back to a physiological range (approximately 7.0–7.4) as quickly as possible. The study by Spowart et al. highlights the prognostic value of pH measurement on presentation, demonstrating that the pH level before irrigation is a key indicator of injury severity and clinical outcomes [1]. Prolonged elevation of ocular surface pH correlates directly with more severe limbal ischemia, corneal opacification, and poorer long-term vision. Every second the alkali remains in contact with the eye, it penetrates deeper into the stroma and anterior chamber, destroying trabecular meshwork cells and damaging the lens and ciliary body.

Pathophysiology of Delayed Intervention

Failing to irrigate immediately allows the alkali to trigger a cascade of destructive processes. Xie and Jie describe how alkali burns cause extensive tissue damage through inflammation, oxidative stress, and neovascularization, often leading to corneal fibrosis and permanent visual impairment [3]. The initial chemical insult is compounded by a secondary wave of biological injury. Zidan et al. further explain that tissue hypoxia is a key driver of post-burn sequelae, specifically through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling that promotes corneal neovascularization [4]. Immediate copious irrigation not only removes the chemical but also helps restore the local oxygen microenvironment, potentially mitigating the hypoxic drive that worsens limbal stem cell deficiency and corneal scarring.

Analysis of Incorrect Options

- Option 1 (Apply a sterile eye patch): This is contraindicated in the acute phase of a chemical burn. Patching the eye traps the chemical agent against the ocular surface, prolonging contact time and driving the substance deeper into the tissues. It also prevents the continuous irrigation that is essential for pH normalization. Patching may be considered much later for epithelial defect management, but never as an initial intervention.

- Option 2 (Administer prescribed topical anesthetic drops): While pain management is important and a topical anesthetic may be used to facilitate irrigation by reducing blepharospasm, it is not the independent priority. The anesthetic does not stop the chemical reaction or remove the agent. The priority action is to start irrigation; the anesthetic can be instilled concurrently or immediately after irrigation begins to help the patient tolerate the procedure.

- Option 4 (Obtain a detailed history of the chemical exposure incident): A focused history, including the type of chemical and time of injury, is vital for guiding ongoing treatment and prognosis. However, it must not delay irrigation. The nurse can obtain this history while irrigation is underway or delegate it to another team member. The immediate physical intervention to minimize tissue destruction takes absolute precedence over data collection.

Clinical Implications for NCLEX and Practice

The management of chemical ocular burns follows a strict hierarchy: Irrigation, Irrigation, Irrigation. The standard is to irrigate with at least 1–2 liters of normal saline or Ringer’s lactate solution, followed by a pause to check the tear film pH using litmus paper. Irrigation continues until the pH is neutral and remains stable for at least 30 minutes after cessation. Skruodyte et al. emphasize that even after the acute phase, chemical burns can lead to progressive structural changes in the posterior segment, including retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layer thinning, underscoring the long-term consequences of the initial injury severity . For the NCLEX-RN, any question involving a chemical splash to the eye should trigger the nursing action of immediate, copious irrigation as the first and most critical step, with all other interventions being secondary and dependent on completing this life- and sight-saving measure.References (research sources)

- [1]Outcomes in Acute Ocular Surface Chemical Injury-Role of pH Measurement on Presentation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Research articleSpowart E, Pradhan S, Bruce C, Salvador-Culla B, Figueiredo G, Figueiredo FC. (2025) · DOI: 10.1007/s40123-025-01155-6

- [3]Transforming corneal alkali burn treatment: unveiling mechanisms and pioneering therapies from bench to bedside.Research articleXie M, Jie Y. (2025) · DOI: 10.1186/s12967-025-07102-0

- [4]Supersaturated Oxygen Emulsion Mitigates Hypoxia-Driven Corneal Neovascularization after Alkali Burn.Research articleZidan AA, Elbasiony E, Lin Z, Najafi S, Pate K, Yin J. (2025) · DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2025.100898

## 임상 시나리오

Chemical Eye Burn: Immediate IrrigationPriority Intervention for Alkali Exposure
For chemical burns, especially from alkali agents, the priority is to begin continuous irrigation immediately. Use normal saline or sterile water. The goal is to restore tear film pH to 7.0-7.4.

Initiate irrigation before formal assessment, history taking, or pain management. The duration of chemical contact is the primary factor determining visual outcome.

CautionNever patch the eye before or during irrigation. This traps the chemical and worsens the injury. Topical anesthetics may be used to facilitate irrigation but only after flushing has begun.

## 핵심 개념

- **Alkali burn** — A severe chemical eye injury where alkaline substances cause rapid, deep penetration and liquefactive necrosis of ocular tissues.
- **Ocular irrigation** — The process of flushing the eye with copious amounts of fluid, such as normal saline, to remove foreign material and restore normal pH.
- **Saponification** — A chemical reaction in alkali burns where the agent reacts with fatty acids in cell membranes, leading to extensive tissue destruction.

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