# A nurse is caring for a client with a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones who is experiencing severe flank pain and hematuria. Which nursing action should be the highest priority to ensure client safety?

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> subject: Adult Health

## 문제

A nurse is caring for a client with a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones who is experiencing severe flank pain and hematuria. Which nursing action should be the highest priority to ensure client safety?

## 보기

1. Strain all urine and monitor for stone passage while assessing for signs of urinary obstruction **✔ 정답**
2. Administer prescribed analgesics and encourage increased fluid intake to 3-4 liters per day
3. Position the client in a comfortable position and apply heat to the flank area
4. Obtain a clean-catch urine specimen and prepare the client for immediate surgical intervention

**정답: 1**

## 해설

Straining urine and monitoring for obstruction are the highest priority safety measures to prevent life-threatening complications like hydronephrosis. Pain management and fluid intake are important but secondary to ensuring urinary patency.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Context and Priority Setting

The client presents with classic manifestations of urolithiasis — severe flank pain and hematuria — with a known history of calcium oxalate stone formation. In the acute phase, the nurse must differentiate between interventions that provide comfort and those that directly protect the client from potentially life-threatening complications. While pain management and fluid intake are important components of care, the highest priority is monitoring for stone passage and identifying signs of urinary obstruction, which can rapidly progress to hydronephrosis, infection, and renal impairment.

Rationale for the Highest Priority Action

Straining all urine and monitoring for stone passage while assessing for signs of urinary obstruction is the correct priority action. Renal stones develop when urinary solutes crystallize into solid deposits within the urinary tract [1], and the passage of these calculi can cause obstruction at any point along the ureter. A lodged stone creates a back-pressure effect that compromises renal perfusion and filtration. The nurse must capture any passed stone for composition analysis because identifying the stone type — in this case, calcium oxalate — directly informs long-term preventive strategies, including dietary modifications and pharmacologic management. Simultaneously, vigilant assessment for developing obstruction is critical; signs such as decreasing urine output, increasing flank pain unrelieved by position changes, or rising serum creatinine indicate a urologic emergency requiring immediate intervention.

Analysis of Alternative Options

Administering prescribed analgesics and encouraging increased fluid intake to 3-4 liters per day addresses pain control and stone prevention but is not the immediate safety priority. Fluid intake is a cornerstone of secondary prevention for calcium oxalate stone formers, as it dilutes urinary solutes and reduces crystallization risk. However, in the setting of acute obstruction, forcing fluids can dangerously increase hydrostatic pressure proximal to the obstruction, worsening hydronephrosis and potentially causing forniceal rupture. Pain management should occur concurrently but only after ensuring that the client's renal function is not acutely compromised by obstruction.

Positioning the client comfortably and applying heat to the flank area provides non-pharmacologic comfort measures. Heat application promotes muscle relaxation and can alleviate the intense colicky pain caused by ureteral spasm during stone passage. This intervention is supportive but does not address the underlying risk of obstruction or the need to capture the stone for analysis. It is an adjunctive measure, not a priority safety action.

Obtaining a clean-catch urine specimen and preparing for immediate surgical intervention is premature and not supported by standard guidelines. While urinalysis and urine culture are essential diagnostic components, immediate surgical intervention is reserved for cases with confirmed obstruction, refractory pain, or signs of urosepsis. The NICE and BAUS guidelines emphasize metabolic testing, including serum calcium and urate levels, as part of the diagnostic workup for all patients with renal or ureteric stones [1]. Rushing to surgical preparation without first determining stone location, size, and the presence or absence of obstruction bypasses critical assessment steps and exposes the client to unnecessary procedural risks.

Pathophysiology and Clinical Reasoning

Calcium oxalate stones form when urinary concentrations of calcium and oxalate exceed the solubility threshold, leading to supersaturation and crystal aggregation [1]. As a stone migrates from the renal pelvis into the ureter, it causes intense, wave-like pain due to ureteral smooth muscle spasm and stretching of the renal capsule. Hematuria results from mechanical trauma to the urothelium as the stone abrades the mucosal lining during passage. The nurse's assessment must focus on the triad of stone passage monitoring, urine output quantification, and serial pain evaluation to detect the transition from uncomplicated renal colic to obstructive uropathy. Early recognition of obstruction preserves renal parenchyma and prevents the cascade of complications that can culminate in irreversible nephron loss.References (research sources)

- [1]Improving compliance to serum calcium and urate testing guidelines for patients with renal stones: a Two-Cycle audit.GuidelineEnemoh O, Adefehinti M, Mvalo U, Iwunna O. (2025) · DOI: 10.51894/001c.143427

## 임상 시나리오

Acute Urolithiasis: Priority Nursing ActionMonitoring for Stone Passage and Obstruction
For a client with known calcium oxalate stones presenting with severe flank pain and hematuria, the highest priority is to strain all urine to capture the stone for analysis and continuously assess for urinary obstruction.

A lodged stone can cause a back-pressure effect leading to hydronephrosis and renal impairment. Monitor for key signs of obstruction: decreasing urine output, unrelieved flank pain, and signs of infection.

CautionPain management and fluid intake are secondary to detecting obstruction. Do not delay assessment for comfort measures, as an undetected obstruction can rapidly compromise renal function.

## 핵심 개념

- **Urolithiasis** — The formation of urinary calculi (stones) within the urinary tract, commonly causing severe flank pain and hematuria.
- **Hydronephrosis** — Distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to urine backflow from an obstruction, potentially leading to kidney damage.
- **Calcium Oxalate** — The most common type of kidney stone, formed from calcium and oxalate in the urine, requiring specific dietary and medical prevention strategies.
- **Urinary Obstruction** — A blockage of urine flow at any point in the urinary tract, a critical complication of urolithiasis that can impair renal function.
- **Stone Analysis** — Laboratory examination of a passed or removed stone's composition to determine its type and guide long-term preventive treatment.

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