# A nurse is caring for a client receiving hemodialysis when the client suddenly develops chest pain, dyspnea, and hypotension. The dialysis machine alarm indicates air detection. What is the nurse's immediate priority action?

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> subject: Adult Health

## 문제

A nurse is caring for a client receiving hemodialysis when the client suddenly develops chest pain, dyspnea, and hypotension. The dialysis machine alarm indicates air detection. What is the nurse's immediate priority action?

## 보기

1. Continue dialysis while administering oxygen via nasal cannula
2. Immediately clamp the venous line and place the client in Trendelenburg position **✔ 정답**
3. Stop the dialysis machine and prepare for emergency intubation
4. Increase the dialysis flow rate to complete treatment quickly

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Air embolism during hemodialysis requires immediate clamping of the venous line to prevent further air entry and placing the client in Trendelenburg position to trap air in the right ventricle. Other options delay critical intervention or worsen the condition.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Clinical Emergency

The sudden onset of chest pain, dyspnea, and hypotension in a client undergoing hemodialysis, coupled with a machine alarm for air detection, signals a venous air embolism (VAE). This is a rare but life-threatening iatrogenic complication where air enters the venous circulation, travels to the right ventricle, and obstructs pulmonary blood flow, leading to cardiovascular collapse. The pathoanatomy involves not just a physical "air lock" in the pulmonary artery, but also a profound thromboinflammatory response where the air-blood interface activates platelets, complement, and leukocytes, causing endotheliopathy and worsening the obstruction [3]. In the context of hemodialysis, air can be introduced through disconnected lines, faulty seals, or during catheter manipulation [1,2].

Analyzing the Answer Choices

The correct immediate priority is to clamp the venous line and place the client in the Trendelenburg position. This two-step intervention directly addresses the source and the pathophysiology of the air embolus. The other options are incorrect because they fail to stop the air entry or use positioning that could worsen the client's condition.

Why the Correct Action is Priority

The nurse's immediate priority is to prevent further air entry and to trap the existing air to minimize cardiopulmonary damage. Clamping the venous line immediately stops the influx of air, which is the source of the problem. Simultaneously, positioning the client in the Trendelenburg position (head down, feet up) and on their left side (left lateral decubitus, often combined as Durant's maneuver) serves a critical purpose. This position places the right ventricular outflow tract below the right ventricular cavity. Because air is buoyant, the embolized air will rise and become trapped in the apex of the right ventricle, away from the pulmonary artery. This maneuver can break the "air lock" and restore some forward blood flow, buying time for definitive management [2]. A recent case series on managing VAE during tunneled hemodialysis catheter placement highlighted that a practical combination of positional maneuvers and direct catheter-based aspiration was key to successful resuscitation, reinforcing that positioning is a foundational, life-saving first step [2].

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

- Option 1 (Continue dialysis while administering oxygen): This is dangerous because it fails to stop the ongoing entry of air, allowing the embolism to worsen. While high-flow 100% oxygen is an important supportive measure to reduce embolus size by creating a nitrogen gradient, it is not the immediate priority over stopping the air source.

- Option 3 (Stop the dialysis machine and prepare for emergency intubation): Stopping the machine is necessary, but simply stopping it without clamping the line may not halt air entry if the system is not sealed. Furthermore, preparing for intubation is a secondary step. Positive pressure ventilation can actually worsen VAE by increasing intrathoracic pressure, which may force air from the right heart into the pulmonary artery or across a patent foramen ovale into the systemic circulation, potentially causing a cerebral air embolism or pneumocephalus, a devastating complication documented in hemodialysis patients [1].

- Option 4 (Increase the dialysis flow rate): This action is contraindicated as it would accelerate the delivery of air into the patient's circulation, rapidly worsening the hemodynamic instability.References (research sources)

- [1]Cerebral air embolism presenting as acute pneumocephalus during hemodialysis via an arteriovenous fistula in a patient with end-stage renal disease: a case report.Case reportHakorimana F, Niyongira V, Mukwesi C, Kamana R, Rudakemwa E, Huluka DK. (2026) · DOI: 10.1186/s12882-026-05104-8

- [2]Management of Venous Air Embolism During Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Placement: Role of Targeted Aspiration and Patient Positioning.Research articleChandola S, Naranje P, Gamanagatti S. (2026) · DOI: 10.1111/hdi.70055

- [3]Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies.Research articleMarsh PL, Moore EE, Moore HB, Bunch CM, Aboukhaled M, Condon SM, Al-Fadhl MD, Thomas SJ, Larson JR, Bower CW, Miller CB, Pearson ML, Twilling CL, Reser DW, Kim GS, Troyer BM, Yeager D, Thomas SG, Srikureja DP, Patel SS, Añón SL, Thomas AV, Miller JB, Van Ryn DE, Pamulapati SV, Zimmerman D, Wells B, Martin PL, Seder CW, Aversa JG, Greene RB, March RJ, Kwaan HC, Fulkerson DH, Vande Lune SA, Mollnes TE, Nielsen EW, Storm BS, Walsh MM. (2023) · DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1230049

## 임상 시나리오

Venous Air Embolism During HemodialysisImmediate Recognition and Life-Saving Intervention
A sudden onset of chest pain, dyspnea, and hypotension with an air detector alarm signals a venous air embolism. The immediate priority is to clamp the venous line to stop air entry.

Simultaneously, place the patient in the Trendelenburg position with a left lateral tilt (Durant's maneuver) to trap air in the right ventricle apex, preventing pulmonary outflow tract obstruction.

CautionDo not continue dialysis or increase the flow rate. Administering 100% oxygen is a secondary action to reduce embolus size via nitrogen washout, but it never takes priority over clamping the line and repositioning the patient.

## 핵심 개념

- **Venous Air Embolism (VAE)** — A life-threatening condition where air enters the venous system, travels to the right heart and pulmonary artery, causing an air lock and cardiovascular collapse.
- **Trendelenburg Position** — A supine position with the feet elevated higher than the head, used in VAE to trap air in the right ventricle apex, away from the pulmonary outflow tract.
- **Air Detector Alarm** — A safety mechanism on a hemodialysis machine that triggers when air is sensed in the venous bloodline to prevent air infusion into the patient.

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