# A nurse is assessing a patient with an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the left forearm created for hemodialysis access. Which assessment finding would be most concerning and require immediate intervention?

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> subject: Adult Health

## 문제

A nurse is assessing a patient with an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the left forearm created for hemodialysis access. Which assessment finding would be most concerning and require immediate intervention?

## 보기

1. Presence of a palpable thrill over the fistula site
2. Audible bruit when auscultating the fistula with a stethoscope
3. Absence of thrill and bruit with cool, pale skin over the access site **✔ 정답**
4. Slight swelling around the fistula site 24 hours after creation

**정답: 3**

## 해설

Absence of thrill and bruit with cool, pale skin indicates thrombosis or occlusion, a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Other findings (palpable thrill, audible bruit, slight swelling) are normal or expected post-procedure.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the AV Fistula and Normal Findings

An arteriovenous (AV) fistula is a surgical connection of an artery directly to a vein, creating a high-pressure, high-flow access site essential for hemodialysis. Over weeks to months, the arterial pressure thickens the vein's walls, a process called maturation, making it suitable for repeated cannulation. On assessment, a mature, functioning AV fistula has two hallmark findings: a palpable thrill and an audible bruit. The thrill is a continuous buzzing sensation felt over the fistula, and the bruit is a swooshing sound heard with a stethoscope. These indicate turbulent, high-velocity blood flow through the access. Therefore, the presence of a palpable thrill (Option 1) and an audible bruit (Option 2) are expected and reassuring normal findings [1]. Slight swelling around a newly created fistula site 24 hours post-operatively (Option 4) is also a common, non-emergent finding related to local tissue trauma and inflammation from the surgical procedure.

The Critical Finding: Loss of Flow and Tissue Ischemia

The most concerning assessment finding is the absence of thrill and bruit with cool, pale skin over the access site (Option 3). This clinical picture is a classic sign of access thrombosis, a serious complication where a blood clot obstructs the fistula. The loss of the thrill and bruit directly indicates that blood flow has ceased. The accompanying cool, pale skin reflects inadequate arterial perfusion to the distal tissues, a condition that can progress to tissue ischemia and necrosis if not rapidly reversed. As highlighted in the case report, thrombosis is a recognized risk of hemodialysis access, and its development represents a vascular emergency requiring immediate intervention to salvage the fistula and preserve the limb [1]. This situation demands the nurse's immediate notification of the healthcare provider and preparation for emergency declotting procedures or surgical revision.References (research sources)

- [1]Graft to vein fistula with partial thrombosis: a case report.Case reportHu B, Liao ZN, Li GL, Wan ZM. (2026) · DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1654220

## 임상 시나리오

AV Fistula Assessment: Recognizing ThrombosisDifferentiating normal function from a vascular emergency
A patent AV fistula has two hallmark findings: a palpable thrill (buzzing sensation) and an audible bruit (swooshing sound). These indicate turbulent, high-velocity blood flow.

The most critical complication is thrombosis. Key signs include absent thrill and bruit, with the extremity becoming cool, pale, and painful. This indicates cessation of blood flow and distal tissue ischemia.

CautionAbsence of thrill/bruit with signs of ischemia is a vascular emergency. Immediately notify the provider and prepare for urgent intervention to salvage the access and limb. Do not confuse this with normal post-operative swelling.

## 핵심 개념

- **AV fistula** — A surgical connection of an artery directly to a vein, creating a high-flow access site for hemodialysis.
- **Thrill** — A palpable buzzing sensation felt over a functioning AV fistula, indicating turbulent blood flow.
- **Bruit** — An audible swooshing sound heard over a functioning AV fistula, indicating turbulent blood flow.
- **Thrombosis** — Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow; a critical complication in vascular access.

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