# A nurse is caring for a 60-year-old patient who presents to the emergency department after being found unconscious in a garage with a running car. The patient is now conscious but confused and complaining of a severe headache. Which assessment finding would be the most critical indicator requiring immediate intervention?

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## 문제

A nurse is caring for a 60-year-old patient who presents to the emergency department after being found unconscious in a garage with a running car. The patient is now conscious but confused and complaining of a severe headache. Which assessment finding would be the most critical indicator requiring immediate intervention?

## 보기

1. Carboxyhemoglobin level of 25% **✔ 정답**
2. Blood pressure of 160/90 mmHg
3. Oxygen saturation of 98% on room air
4. Temperature of 99.2°F (37.3°C)

**정답: 1**

## 해설

Carboxyhemoglobin level of 25% indicates severe carbon monoxide poisoning requiring immediate high-flow oxygen therapy. Other findings (elevated BP, normal SpO2, mild fever) are less critical in this context.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Context and Initial Triage

This patient presents with a classic history of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning: found unconscious in a garage with a running car, now confused with a severe headache. CO is a colorless, odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin with an affinity approximately 200 to 250 times greater than that of oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) [1]. This process creates a dysfunctional hemoglobin species that reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and, critically, impairs the unloading of oxygen at the tissue level [1]. The result is a state of profound cellular hypoxia, with the brain and heart being most vulnerable due to their high metabolic demands.

Analysis of Assessment Findings

When evaluating a patient with suspected CO poisoning, the nurse must recognize that standard pulse oximetry is deceptively unreliable. A pulse oximeter cannot differentiate COHb from oxyhemoglobin, often displaying a falsely normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂) reading [2]. This explains why option 3, an SpO₂ of 98% on room air, does not rule out severe tissue hypoxia and is not the most critical finding. Similarly, a mildly elevated temperature of 99.2°F (37.3°C) (option 4) is a nonspecific finding and does not directly reflect the severity of the poisoning. While a blood pressure of 160/90 mmHg (option 2) warrants monitoring, it can be a sympathetic response to stress or hypoxia and is not the most direct indicator of the poisoning’s severity.

The most critical finding is the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level of 25% (option 1). In healthy nonsmokers, baseline COHb levels are typically below 2% to 3% [1]. A level of 25% represents a severe exposure. Although the correlation between COHb levels and clinical symptoms is imperfect, general patterns exist: levels in this range are associated with significant neurological symptoms, including confusion, syncope, and severe headache, which align with this patient’s presentation [1]. This value provides the most direct laboratory evidence of the poisoning’s magnitude and signals a high risk for ongoing neurological injury.

Pathophysiology and Risk Stratification

The danger of a 25% COHb level extends beyond simple hypoxemia. CO also binds to intracellular cytochromes and myoglobin, directly disrupting cellular respiration and causing cardiac and neurological dysfunction. The provided evidence reinforces that CO poisoning is a frequent stroke mimic, presenting with altered mental status and focal neurological deficits [2]. This patient’s confusion and severe headache could indicate incipient cerebral edema or neurological damage. Furthermore, research on risk stratification shows that while COHb is a key diagnostic marker, metabolic consequences like acidosis (pH < 7.35) independently predict the need for ICU admission . A COHb level of 25% places a patient at significant risk for developing such metabolic disturbances, with studies noting a median COHb of 33.1% in patients who developed severe acidosis .

Immediate Nursing Action and Clinical Reasoning

The immediate intervention required is the initiation of normobaric oxygen therapy (NBOT) with 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask. This is the standard initial treatment to accelerate the dissociation of CO from hemoglobin, reducing the half-life of COHb from hours to approximately 60-90 minutes. The nurse must recognize that a COHb of 25% in a patient with neurological symptoms (loss of consciousness, confusion) meets the criteria for severe poisoning. These neurological and cardiac determinants are precisely the factors that later guide the decision to escalate care to hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) . The nurse’s role is to identify this critical laboratory value, understand that it confirms severe poisoning despite a normal SpO₂, and immediately prepare to administer high-flow oxygen to prevent further neurological deterioration.References (research sources)

- [1]Carbon Monoxide PoisoningResearch articleBourke M, Schaffer DH. (2026)

- [2]Gas Geyser-Related Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Presenting as Stroke Mimic and Syncope in Closed-Space Exposure: A Report of Two Cases.Research articleHareeth Reddy RG, Mrganayani V, Somasundar C, Teja B SS, N F. (2026) · DOI: 10.7759/cureus.108695

## 임상 시나리오

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Triage & AssessmentRecognizing the most critical indicator of severity
In suspected CO poisoning, the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level is the most direct and critical indicator of severity. A level of 25% indicates severe poisoning and requires immediate intervention, often with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, to prevent irreversible neurologic and cardiac damage.

Do not rely on standard pulse oximetry (SpO₂). COHb absorbs light similarly to oxyhemoglobin, so a reading of 98% is a falsely normal finding that masks severe tissue hypoxia. The diagnosis must be confirmed via CO-oximetry on an arterial blood gas sample.

Clinical AlertTreat the patient, not just the COHb level. A patient with a lower COHb level but significant neurologic symptoms (confusion, syncope) or cardiac ischemia still requires aggressive treatment. The classic "cherry-red" skin color is a late and unreliable sign.

## 핵심 개념

- **Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)** — A stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red blood cells upon exposure to CO, reducing oxygen-carrying capacity and impairing oxygen release to tissues.
- **Carbon Monoxide Poisoning** — A potentially fatal condition caused by inhaling carbon monoxide gas, leading to cellular hypoxia with the brain and heart being most vulnerable due to high metabolic demands.
- **Pulse Oximetry** — A noninvasive method for monitoring oxygen saturation, which is unreliable in CO poisoning as it cannot distinguish carboxyhemoglobin from oxyhemoglobin, often showing falsely normal readings.

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