# A nurse is caring for a patient with bacterial meningitis who has been receiving antibiotic therapy for 48 hours. The patient's condition has stabilized, but the nurse notes increased restlessness and confusion. Which nursing intervention should be the priority?

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> subject: Adult Health

## 문제

A nurse is caring for a patient with bacterial meningitis who has been receiving antibiotic therapy for 48 hours. The patient's condition has stabilized, but the nurse notes increased restlessness and confusion. Which nursing intervention should be the priority?

The nurse is monitoring a patient with bacterial meningitis who has shown clinical improvement after 48 hours of antibiotic treatment. However, the patient has become increasingly restless and confused over the past 4 hours.

## 보기

1. Administer prescribed sedatives to reduce agitation
2. Assess for signs of increased intracranial pressure **✔ 정답**
3. Encourage increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration
4. Reposition the patient to promote comfort and rest

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Increased restlessness and confusion in bacterial meningitis may indicate rising intracranial pressure. The priority nursing intervention is to assess for signs of increased ICP to prevent life-threatening complications.

## 심화 해설

Clinical Reasoning and Priority Setting

The patient's presentation—increased restlessness and confusion after an initial period of stabilization during treatment for bacterial meningitis—is a significant clinical red flag. While it could be misinterpreted as simple agitation, in the context of a central nervous system infection, this change in mental status is a classic early indicator of rising intracranial pressure (ICP). Bacterial meningitis triggers a potent inflammatory response within the subarachnoid space, leading to cerebral edema, impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow, and potential venous congestion, all of which can elevate ICP. The fact that the patient is 48 hours into antibiotic therapy does not eliminate the risk of these complications; the inflammatory cascade can progress even as the bacterial load decreases. Therefore, a new onset of restlessness and confusion must be immediately investigated as a neurological deterioration rather than a behavioral issue.

Analysis of the Correct Answer (Option 2)

Assessing for signs of increased intracranial pressure is the priority nursing intervention. This assessment is a critical component of the evidence-based nursing management of intracranial hypertension [2]. The nurse must perform a focused neurological assessment, looking for a pattern of deterioration that includes not only the observed restlessness and confusion but also other late signs such as Cushing's triad (bradycardia, irregular respirations, and a widening pulse pressure), pupillary changes, and posturing. Identifying these signs early allows for prompt escalation of care and interventions to manage ICP, a factor directly linked to patient outcomes in severe brain injury [2]. The underlying pathophysiology, which involves a dysregulation of fluid balance and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, is a well-documented concern in acute bacterial meningitis, making vigilant monitoring for signs of cerebral edema essential .

Analysis of Incorrect Answers

- Option 1: Administer prescribed sedatives to reduce agitation. This is a potentially dangerous intervention. Administering sedatives would mask the neurological changes that are critical for ongoing assessment. It treats a symptom without identifying the life-threatening cause, potentially delaying definitive treatment for rising ICP and obscuring the patient's neurological baseline.

- Option 3: Encourage increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration. This action directly contradicts the principles of managing a patient at risk for cerebral edema. The systematic review on fluid management in acute bacterial meningitis highlights that fluid restriction was historically recommended due to concerns about hyponatremia from elevated ADH, which can exacerbate cerebral swelling . Encouraging fluids could worsen cerebral edema and increase ICP.

- Option 4: Reposition the patient to promote comfort and rest. While patient comfort is important, it is not the priority when a patient exhibits an acute change in mental status. Repositioning is a comfort measure that does not address the potential emergency of increasing ICP. The priority is to first determine the cause of the restlessness through a comprehensive assessment.References (research sources)

- [2]Nursing management of intracranial hypertension in adults with severe brain injury in a neurosurgery intensive care unit: a best practice implementation project.Research articleCheng YH, Pan JD, Xu CH, Mou D, Guo HL, Yan HB, Chen QL, Li WJ, Huang FA, Zhang BX, Qiu XY, Lei QM, Ling DL. (2026) · DOI: 10.1097/xeb.0000000000000452

## 임상 시나리오

Deterioration in Meningitis: ICP AssessmentNew restlessness or confusion is a neurological emergency, not simple agitation.
In a patient with bacterial meningitis, any new onset of restlessness or confusion after an initial period of stability is a classic early indicator of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The inflammatory cascade causing cerebral edema can progress even with effective antibiotic therapy.

The priority intervention is a focused neurological assessment. Monitor for late signs of ICP including Cushing's triad (bradycardia, irregular respirations, and a widened pulse pressure). Assess pupillary response, motor strength, and level of consciousness.

CautionNever administer sedatives to a meningitis patient with new-onset agitation before ruling out increased ICP. Sedation can mask neurological deterioration and depress respiratory drive, potentially precipitating a crisis. Fluid restriction is often part of cerebral edema management; do not encourage increased fluids without a specific order.

## 핵심 개념

- **Cushing's Triad** — A late sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) characterized by bradycardia, irregular respirations, and a widened pulse pressure (hypertension).
- **Cerebral Edema** — An accumulation of fluid in the brain's intracellular or extracellular spaces, leading to increased brain volume and elevated ICP, a common complication of meningitis.
- **Subarachnoid Space** — The area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater meningeal layers where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates, and where inflammation primarily occurs in bacterial meningitis.

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