# A nurse is caring for a 55-year-old client with pancreatic cancer who is experiencing severe abdominal pain rated 8/10. The client has been prescribed morphine sulfate 4 mg IV every 4 hours PRN for pain. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention when administering this medication?

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## 문제

A nurse is caring for a 55-year-old client with pancreatic cancer who is experiencing severe abdominal pain rated 8/10. The client has been prescribed morphine sulfate 4 mg IV every 4 hours PRN for pain. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention when administering this medication?

## 보기

1. Administer the medication only when the pain reaches 9/10 to prevent addiction
2. Assess respiratory rate and blood pressure before and after administration **✔ 정답**
3. Mix the morphine with normal saline to reduce the concentration
4. Wait until the client requests the medication before administering

**정답: 2**

## 해설

Assessing respiratory rate and blood pressure before and after morphine administration is critical to monitor for respiratory depression and hypotension. Other options (delaying administration, mixing with saline, waiting for request) are unsafe or inappropriate.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Core Issue

The question focuses on the safe administration of intravenous morphine, a potent opioid analgesic, to a client with severe cancer-related pain. The key principle is balancing effective pain relief with vigilant monitoring for life-threatening adverse effects. Pancreatic cancer pain is often severe and requires a proactive, protocol-driven approach to analgesia, not a reactive one based solely on patient request or arbitrary pain scores.

Analysis of the Correct Answer (Option 2)

The most appropriate intervention is to assess respiratory rate and blood pressure before and after administration. This is a critical safety measure. Morphine, as an opioid agonist, depresses the central nervous system, with its most significant risk being respiratory depression. A baseline assessment establishes the client's pre-medication status. A follow-up assessment, typically within 15-30 minutes of IV administration, allows the nurse to detect early signs of respiratory compromise, such as a rate dropping below 12 breaths per minute, or significant hypotension. The evidence underscores that for patients undergoing major abdominal procedures, interventions aim to reduce opioid exposure precisely because of these risks [3]. While that context is surgical, the pharmacological principle of monitoring for respiratory and hemodynamic depression applies universally to IV opioid administration.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

-   Option 1: Administer the medication only when the pain reaches 9/10 to prevent addiction. This reflects a dangerous misunderstanding of pain management and addiction. In clients with active cancer pain, the goal is to prevent pain from becoming severe. Waiting until pain is 9/10 is unethical and counterproductive. Furthermore, the fear of addiction in a patient with a life-threatening illness and no personal history of substance use disorder is not a clinical justification to withhold prescribed analgesia. The Australian consensus pathways emphasize timely access to effective pain relief as a standard of care for pancreatic cancer [1].

-   Option 3: Mix the morphine with normal saline to reduce the concentration. This is not a standard nursing practice for IV push medication administration. Morphine sulfate for IV use is a prepared concentration. Diluting it without a specific order is outside the nurse’s scope of practice and does not enhance safety; the total dose administered remains the same. The risk is not the concentration but the drug's pharmacological effect, which must be managed through monitoring.

-   Option 4: Wait until the client requests the medication before administering. This is a passive approach to pain management. For PRN medications, the nurse should perform a pain assessment and, if indicated, offer the medication proactively. A client with severe pain may be unable to request it due to exhaustion, depression, or stoicism. The standardised pathway for pancreatic cancer care explicitly calls for systematic referral and management, not a patient-initiated model that can lead to unnecessary suffering [1].

Connecting to the Evidence

The provided research highlights the critical nature of pain management in this population. The consensus-based Australian pathways were developed specifically because people with pancreatic cancer have "highly variable access to effective pain relief" [1]. This underscores that a nurse's role is to be a proactive advocate who ensures the client receives prescribed analgesia safely and effectively. While the meta-analysis on virtual reality  and the reviews on intravenous lidocaine [3, 4] explore non-opioid or adjunctive strategies for symptom and pain management, they reinforce the broader clinical context: managing severe pain is a complex challenge requiring a multimodal and meticulously safe approach. The foundational step when administering a primary opioid like morphine remains a focused cardiorespiratory assessment to ensure the client receives the benefit of pain relief without harm.References (research sources)

- [1]Australian Pathways for Specialist Pain Management and Early Palliative Care for People With Pancreatic Cancer: Developed Using a Community Consensus Approach.GuidelinePhilip J, Lovell MR, Bellingham K, Garvey G, Crawford GB, Rankin NM, Burns K, Young I, Milch V, Keefe D, Anderson K, Lawson J, Krishnasamy M. (2026) · DOI: 10.5694/mja2.70244

- [3]Intravenous Lidocaine as an Adjunct for Postoperative Recovery After Open Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review.Meta-analysis/systematic reviewMuntean C, Ardelean MV, Gaborean V, Faur IF, Faur AM, Vonica RC, Feier CVI. (2026) · DOI: 10.3390/jcm15114068

## 임상 시나리오

Safe IV Opioid AdministrationMonitoring for Respiratory and Hemodynamic Depression
Before administering IV morphine, always assess baseline respiratory rate and blood pressure. A respiratory rate below 12 breaths/min is a key threshold for withholding the medication and notifying the provider.

Peak respiratory depression occurs 15-30 minutes after IV administration. Reassess vital signs within this window to detect early signs of compromise, such as a decreasing respiratory rate or significant hypotension.

CautionFor cancer pain, administer opioids on a scheduled or proactive PRN basis based on your assessment, not solely when the patient requests it. Delaying administration until pain is severe undermines effective pain control and does not prevent addiction.

## 핵심 개념

- **Morphine Sulfate** — A potent opioid agonist used for moderate to severe pain, carrying risks of respiratory depression and hypotension, especially with IV administration.
- **PRN Order** — A medication order administered as needed, requiring nursing judgment to assess the patient's condition and determine the appropriate time for administration.
- **Respiratory Depression** — A life-threatening adverse effect of opioids characterized by a reduced respiratory rate (typically below 12 breaths/min) and decreased depth of breathing.

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