# A nurse is assessing a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus who was brought to the emergency department. Which assessment finding would be the priority concern?

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## 문제

A nurse is assessing a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus who was brought to the emergency department. Which assessment finding would be the priority concern?

A 28-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department by family members who report the patient has been vomiting for 2 days and appears confused.

## 보기

1. Blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL
2. Mild dehydration with decreased skin turgor
3. Fruity odor on breath with deep, rapid respirations **✔ 정답**
4. Complaint of abdominal pain and nausea

**정답: 3**

## 해설

The fruity odor on breath with deep, rapid respirations (Kussmaul respirations) is the most critical assessment finding that indicates diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This represents the body's compensatory mechanism to eliminate excess acids through respiratory alkalosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes that requires immediate recognition and intervention. Fruity-smelling breath and deep, rapid breathing are the most important assessment findings indicating DKA and require priority attention.

Fruity or acetone-smelling breath is caused by the presence of ketones, particularly acetone. These are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy in the absence of sufficient insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, forcing the body to use alternative energy sources. Deep, rapid breathing, known as Kussmaul respirations, represents the body's compensatory mechanism to eliminate excess carbonic acid and maintain acid-base balance. This respiratory compensation is the body's attempt to "blow off" carbon dioxide to counteract the metabolic acidosis caused by ketone accumulation.

The pathophysiology of DKA involves three main components: hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. Insulin deficiency prevents glucose from entering cells, leading to cellular starvation despite high blood glucose levels. The body responds by breaking down fat stores, producing ketones as byproducts. These ketones are acidic and accumulate in the blood, causing metabolic acidosis. The combination of fruity-smelling breath and Kussmaul respirations indicates the presence of both ketosis and the body's compensatory response to acidosis.

From a nursing perspective, recognizing these signs is critical because DKA can rapidly progress to coma and death if not treated promptly. The presence of ketotic breath and compensatory respirations indicates that the patient is in a state of severe metabolic disturbance and requires immediate medical intervention, including intravenous insulin, fluid resuscitation, and electrolyte monitoring. This assessment finding takes priority over other symptoms because it directly reflects the severity of the metabolic disturbance and the need for urgent treatment.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Priority in DKA Assessment

When a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with missed insulin doses and gastrointestinal symptoms, the nurse must rapidly identify findings that signal a life-threatening emergency. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most frequent hyperglycemic emergency and a leading cause of death in this population [1]. The priority concern is always the assessment finding that indicates a failure of physiological compensation and an immediate threat to the airway or breathing. In DKA, this is the combination of a fruity odor on breath and Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid respirations).

Pathophysiology of the Priority Finding

The biochemical triad of DKA includes hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia [3]. A lack of insulin forces the body to break down free fatty acids for energy, producing acidic ketone bodies. As metabolic acidosis worsens, the respiratory system initiates a compensatory mechanism to blow off carbon dioxide (CO2) and raise the blood pH. This manifests clinically as deep, rapid breathing. The fruity odor on the breath is a direct consequence of exhaled acetone, a type of ketone body. This finding is a critical and late sign of severe acid-base disturbance, making it the highest priority because it directly reflects a failing compensatory mechanism that can lead to respiratory failure if not immediately treated.

Analysis of the Options

*   Option 1: Blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL

While DKA involves hyperglycemia, a value of 180 mg/dL is only mildly elevated and not specific to DKA. DKA can sometimes present with euglycemia. The core problem is not the glucose level itself but the production of ketones and resulting acidosis [1]. This finding is not the priority.

*   Option 2: Mild dehydration with decreased skin turgor

Dehydration is a common clinical symptom of DKA, resulting from osmotic diuresis driven by hyperglycemia [3]. However, "mild" dehydration indicates a fluid volume deficit that, while requiring treatment, does not pose the same immediate threat to airway, breathing, and circulation as an uncompensated acidotic state. It is a secondary concern to respiratory status.

*   Option 3: Complaint of increased urination and thirst

Polyuria and polydipsia are classic, early symptoms of hyperglycemia and precede the development of full-blown DKA [3]. The patient’s 2-day history of nausea and vomiting indicates a progression beyond this initial stage. This finding reflects the precipitating osmotic diuresis but is not the most critical indicator of the current, acute emergency.

*   Option 4: Fruity odor on breath with deep, rapid respirations

This is the correct answer. The fruity odor is a sign of significant ketone body accumulation, and the deep, rapid respirations (Kussmaul breathing) are a direct compensatory response to severe metabolic acidosis. This finding signals that the body's buffer systems are overwhelmed and the patient is at high risk for clinical deterioration, including altered consciousness and respiratory failure [3]. DKA is always lethal if misdiagnosed or improperly treated, and recognizing this respiratory pattern is key to prompt diagnosis and life-saving intervention [1].References (research sources)

- [1]Comprehensive review of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update.Research articleElendu C, David JA, Udoyen AO, Egbunu EO, Ogbuiyi-Chima IC, Unakalamba LO, Temitope AI, Ibhiedu JO, Ibhiedu AO, Nwosu PU, Koroyin MO, Eze C, Boluwatife AI, Alabi O, Okabekwa OS, Fatoye JO, Ramon-Yusuf HI. (2023) · DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000894

- [3]Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents; Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pitfalls.Research articleKostopoulou E, Sinopidis X, Fouzas S, Gkentzi D, Dassios T, Roupakias S, Dimitriou G. (2023) · DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152602

## 임상 시나리오

Clinical Practice Guide
When assessing a patient suspected of having DKA, follow the ABC (airway, breathing, circulation) approach. Checking the breathing pattern (Kussmaul) and odor is the first key step. Immediately order blood glucose, arterial blood gas (ABG), electrolytes, and ketone tests, and prepare for IV access and fluid administration.

Caution
A common mistake is trying to diagnose DKA based solely on blood glucose levels. A blood glucose of 180 mg/dL in option 1 is not hyperglycemic, so it may be misinterpreted as a factor that rules out DKA. However, euglycemic ketoacidosis exists, where blood glucose is normal but respiratory compensation and ketosis are clearly present. Also, while 'mild dehydration' in option 2 is an expected symptom in DKA, it has a lower urgency priority compared to the respiratory changes in option 3.

## 핵심 개념

- **Diabetic Ketoacidosis** — A life-threatening acute metabolic complication caused by insulin deficiency, characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
- **Kussmaul Respirations** — A deep, rapid, and labored breathing pattern that occurs as a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA). It is the body's attempt to expel carbon dioxide to eliminate excess acid.
- **Metabolic Acidosis** — A condition where the blood pH decreases due to excessive accumulation of acid or excessive loss of bicarbonate in the blood. In DKA, it occurs due to the accumulation of ketoacids.
- **Ketonemia** — Abnormally high levels of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone) in the blood. These are byproducts of fat breakdown when insulin is insufficient.
- **Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis** — DKA that occurs at relatively normal or slightly elevated blood glucose levels (less than 250 mg/dL). It mainly appears in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors and shows that DKA cannot be ruled out based on blood glucose levels alone.

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