# A nurse is caring for a client with diabetic nephropathy who has developed chronic kidney disease stage 4. Which nursing intervention should be the priority?

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## 문제

A nurse is caring for a client with diabetic nephropathy who has developed chronic kidney disease stage 4. Which nursing intervention should be the priority?

## 보기

1. Encourage increased protein intake to prevent muscle wasting
2. Monitor fluid balance and restrict sodium intake **✔ 정답**
3. Administer insulin as prescribed to maintain blood glucose levels
4. Provide education about foot care and daily inspection

**정답: 2**

## 해설

In stage 4 chronic kidney disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy, fluid and electrolyte balance becomes critically important as kidney function is severely compromised.

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes that affects the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys, leading to progressive kidney damage and chronic kidney disease. In stage 4 chronic kidney disease, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is markedly reduced (15-29 mL/min/1.73m²), indicating severe kidney function impairment.

The priority nursing interventions for patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy are fluid balance monitoring and sodium intake restriction. As kidney function deteriorates, the kidneys lose the ability to effectively regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, resulting in fluid retention, hypertension, and cardiovascular complications. Excessive sodium intake worsens fluid retention and raises blood pressure, causing additional damage to already compromised kidneys.

Fluid balance monitoring includes daily weight measurement, intake and output measurement, edema assessment, and blood pressure monitoring. Sodium restriction (typically 2-3 grams per day) reduces fluid retention and decreases cardiovascular stress. These interventions directly address the pathophysiological changes occurring in diabetic nephropathy, managing complications while preventing further kidney damage.

Nurses should monitor for signs of fluid overload such as peripheral edema, pulmonary congestion, jugular vein distension, and rapid weight gain. Patient education on dietary sodium sources and fluid restriction is essential for long-term management and complication prevention.

## 심화 해설

Understanding the Priority in CKD Stage 4

For a client with diabetic nephropathy progressing to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4, the kidneys have suffered severe, irreversible damage. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is profoundly reduced to 15–29 mL/min. At this stage, the kidneys lose their ability to effectively regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, a function critical to preventing life-threatening complications.

Why Fluid and Sodium Management is the Priority

The priority nursing intervention is to monitor fluid balance and restrict sodium intake. The rationale is rooted in the pathophysiology of CKD progression. As nephron loss becomes critical, the kidney's capacity to excrete sodium and water declines sharply. This leads to volume overload, which manifests clinically as hypertension, peripheral edema, and pulmonary congestion. More critically, unchecked volume expansion directly stresses the remaining functional nephrons, accelerating the rate of kidney function decline toward end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A foundational aspect of managing non-dialysis CKD, as highlighted in the development of treatment adherence scales, involves complex therapeutic regimens where dietary sodium and fluid restriction are cornerstones for slowing disease progression and managing symptoms [1]. Without strict management, the client is at imminent risk for acute pulmonary edema and hypertensive crisis, which are immediate threats to life.

Analysis of Other Options

- Option 1: Encourage increased protein intake is contraindicated. In CKD stage 4, a high-protein diet increases intraglomerular pressure and hyperfiltration in the remaining nephrons, which accelerates renal injury. The standard of care involves a controlled, often reduced, protein intake to minimize uremic toxin production while maintaining nutritional status.

- Option 3: Administer insulin as prescribed is an essential part of managing the underlying diabetic etiology, but it is not the immediate priority over a direct physiological threat. While glycemic control slows the progression of diabetic nephropathy, the acute risk from fluid volume excess in stage 4 CKD takes precedence in the nursing hierarchy of needs.

- Option 4: Provide education about foot care is a crucial long-term intervention for all clients with diabetes to prevent neuropathy-related complications. However, it addresses a chronic, non-urgent safety need, making it a lower priority than managing a physiological imbalance that can lead to rapid deterioration.References (research sources)

- [1]Development and Validation of the Treatment Adherence Scale for Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in China: A Mixed-Methods Study.Research articleCui Y, Li X, Liu N, Li J, Feng Y, Li S, Bai X, Li F, Liu H, Zhang Y, Lv H. (2026) · DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s573282

## 임상 시나리오

CKD Stage 4: Priority Nursing ActionPreventing Volume Overload to Slow Progression
In CKD stage 4 (GFR 15-29 mL/min), the kidneys cannot excrete sodium and water effectively. The immediate priority is strict fluid balance monitoring and sodium restriction (typically 2 g/day).

Uncontrolled volume expansion causes hypertension, pulmonary edema, and accelerates nephron loss. Daily weights, strict intake/output, and assessment for crackles/edema are essential to prevent acute decompensation.

CautionAvoid high-protein diets to prevent muscle wasting; excess protein increases renal workload and hyperfiltration injury. Blood glucose control is a long-term strategy, not the immediate priority over life-threatening fluid imbalance.

## 핵심 개념

- **CKD Stage 4** — Severe kidney damage with GFR 15-29 mL/min, characterized by severe loss of renal function and preparation for renal replacement therapy.
- **Volume Overload** — A state of excess fluid in the body due to the kidneys' inability to excrete sodium and water, leading to hypertension, edema, and pulmonary congestion.
- **Diabetic Nephropathy** — Kidney damage caused by diabetes mellitus, characterized by proteinuria, hypertension, and progressive loss of renal function.

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