# The ultrasound revealed _____, an abnormal accumulation of urine in the kidney due to obstruction of urine flow.

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168460  
> language: ko  
> subject: Diseases of the genitourinary system

## 문제

The ultrasound revealed _____, an abnormal accumulation of urine in the kidney due to obstruction of urine flow.

## 보기

1. hydronephrosis **✔ 정답**
2. pyelonephritis
3. glomerulonephritis
4. nephrolithiasis
5. nephrosclerosis

**정답: 1**

## 해설

Hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney due to build-up of urine, caused by obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract. Common causes include kidney stones, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. The condition can lead to kidney damage if left untreated. Symptoms may include flank pain, urinary problems, and in severe cases, decreased kidney function.

## 임상 시나리오

Hydronephrosis:
- Definition: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces due to urinary obstruction
- Common causes:
* Kidney stones (calculi)
* Congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction
* Tumors
* Pregnancy
* Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Clinical Features:
- Flank pain
- Urinary frequency
- Nausea/vomiting
- Urinary tract infections
- Hematuria

Diagnostic Methods:
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- MRI
- Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Treatment Options:
- Relief of obstruction
- Nephrostomy tube placement
- Surgical correction
- Antibiotics if infection present

Complications:
- Kidney damage
- Chronic kidney disease
- Urinary tract infections
- Permanent renal impairment

## 핵심 개념

- **hydronephrosis** — A condition where the kidney swells due to urine accumulation caused by urinary tract obstruction or blockage
- **pyelonephritis** — A kidney infection typically caused by bacteria, characterized by inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue
- **glomerulonephritis** — Inflammation of the glomeruli (tiny filters in the kidneys), which can impair kidney function and filtering ability
- **nephrolithiasis** — The presence of kidney stones, which are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys
- **nephrosclerosis** — Hardening of the kidney's small blood vessels, usually caused by chronic high blood pressure or diabetes

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