# The patient's heart demonstrates ______ failure, where blood backs up into the lungs due to left ventricular dysfunction.

> source: MyMerci (mymerci.kr)  
> url: https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168402  
> language: ko  
> subject: Diseases of the circulatory system

## 문제

The patient's heart demonstrates ______ failure, where blood backs up into the lungs due to left ventricular dysfunction.

## 보기

1. retrograde **✔ 정답**
2. forward
3. backward
4. congestive
5. systolic

**정답: 1**

## 해설

Retrograde failure occurs when the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood forward, causing blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation. This pattern leads to pulmonary congestion, edema, and symptoms like dyspnea and orthopnea.

## 임상 시나리오

• Retrograde heart failure:
- Blood flows backward into pulmonary circulation
- Caused by left ventricular dysfunction
- Results in pulmonary congestion and edema
- Common symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea

• Types of heart failure:
1. Left-sided failure
- Systolic dysfunction: reduced ejection fraction
- Diastolic dysfunction: impaired ventricular filling

2. Right-sided failure
- Blood backs up into systemic circulation
- Causes peripheral edema, liver congestion

• Clinical manifestations:
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Pulmonary edema
- Exercise intolerance
- Nocturnal dyspnea

• Diagnostic criteria:
- Ejection fraction measurement
- Chest X-ray findings
- BNP levels
- Echocardiogram results

• Treatment approaches:
- ACE inhibitors
- Beta blockers
- Diuretics
- Digoxin
- Lifestyle modifications

## 핵심 개념

- **retrograde** — Moving backward or in reverse direction, especially referring to blood flow moving opposite to its normal direction
- **forward** — Moving or directed toward the front or normal direction of flow
- **backward** — Moving or directed toward the rear or opposite to the normal direction
- **congestive** — Characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid causing swelling and impaired function
- **systolic** — Relating to or occurring during the contraction phase of the heart when blood is pumped out

## 같은 주제 문제

- [The patient's EKG shows significant ST ______ in leads V2 through V4, suggesting acute ant…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168328)
- [Patient presents with ______ angina not responding to sublingual nitroglycerin.](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168343)
- [Patient's telemetry shows ______ rhythm with a rate of 150, requiring immediate cardiovers…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168345)
- [Echo shows severe ______ regurgitation requiring valve replacement.](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168361)
- [MRI shows acute ______ stroke in the left MCA territory.](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168366)
- [In hypertensive crisis, the patient shows severely elevated ______ pressure, often exceedi…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168375)
- [During cardiac auscultation, the nurse hears an abnormal heart sound between S1 and S2, in…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168376)
- [The patient's ECG shows a ______ rhythm with no discernible P waves and an irregularly irr…](https://mymerci.kr/pages/nclex_q.php?qn_id=168377)

---

More free questions: [기출문제](https://mymerci.kr/)

_학습 참고용입니다. 실제 임상은 최신 지침과 소속 기관 프로토콜을 따르세요._