A nurse is caring for a 65-year-old patient with herpes zoster (shingles) on the left side of the chest. Which nursing intervention is the MOST important to prevent transmission to other patients and healthcare workers?
1Implement contact and airborne precautions until all lesions are crusted over✓ 정답
2Place the patient in a private room with standard precautions only
3Use droplet precautions for 24 hours after antiviral therapy begins
4Apply contact precautions only until lesions begin to heal
해설
Herpes zoster requires contact and airborne precautions until all lesions are crusted over to prevent transmission via direct contact and airborne droplets. Other options are less critical for infection control.
Core Nursing ExplanationKey Concept Analysis: This question tests knowledge of infection control precautions for Herpes zoster (shingles). The core principle is understanding the mode of transmission to select the correct isolation type. Herpes zoster is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In a patient with disseminated herpes zoster or localized herpes zoster in an immunocompromised host, the virus can be transmitted via the airborne route. For a standard immunocompetent patient with localized shingles, the primary risk is transmission via direct contact with vesicular fluid. However, because of the potential for airborne spread from skin lesions, Key Point! the CDC recommends Airborne and Contact Precautions until all lesions are crusted over.
Answer Rationale: Option ① is correct because it aligns with the most current, evidence-based infection control guidelines. Key Point! The critical condition for discontinuing precautions is when all lesions are crusted over, not when they begin to heal or after starting medication. This crusting indicates the virus is no longer shed in the vesicular fluid, eliminating the risk of transmission.
Distractor Analysis:
Watch out for confusion! Option ② (standard precautions only) is incorrect because standard precautions are insufficient. Herpes zoster requires transmission-based precautions (airborne and contact) in addition to standard precautions.
Option ③ (droplet precautions for 24 hours) is incorrect. First, the duration (24 hours) is arbitrary and not based on lesion status. Second, the primary precaution for VZV is airborne, not droplet. Droplet precautions are for pathogens like influenza or pertussis that travel on large droplets over short distances.
Option ④ (contact precautions only) is a common pitfall. While contact transmission is a major concern, it ignores the potential for airborne transmission of the virus from aerosolized particles from the lesions, which is why airborne precautions are also required.
Related Concepts: This integrates knowledge of infection control, viral exanthems, and standard vs. transmission-based precautions. Remember that varicella (chickenpox) always requires airborne and contact precautions. For localized zoster in an immunocompetent patient, some facilities may use contact precautions only if strict lesion coverage is maintained, but for NCLEX and safest practice, the standard is airborne and contact precautions.Nursing Clinical Practice GuideClinical Scenario: You are assigned to Mr. Johnson, a 65-year-old admitted for pain management due to severe shingles rash on his left T6 dermatome. He is in a two-bed room.
Nursing Intervention Strategy:
1. Assessment & Immediate Action: Upon identifying the vesicular rash, immediately don a gown and gloves. Notify the provider and infection control. The patient must be moved to a negative pressure airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). If one is not available, place him in a private room with the door closed, and anyone entering must wear an N95 respirator or equivalent.
2. Precautions in Detail:
Airborne Precautions: N95 respirator for all who enter the room. Keep the door closed. Patient should wear a mask if leaving the room is absolutely necessary (e.g., for essential diagnostic tests), with lesions completely covered.
Contact Precautions: Wear gown and gloves for all direct contact with the patient or his environment. Use dedicated equipment if possible.
3. Patient & Family Education: Educate the patient that the crusts are not infectious. Teach him not to touch or scratch the lesions. Emphasize strict hand hygiene. Inform susceptible visitors (those who have never had chickenpox or the vaccine) to avoid visitation.
4. Evaluation: Daily assess the lesions for crusting. Precautions can be discontinued only when all lesions are dry and crusted, with no new lesions appearing.
Patient Safety and Precautions: The highest risk is to immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women who are not immune to varicella. Never assign a pregnant nurse who is non-immune to care for this patient. Ensure all staff are aware of their varicella immunity status.
Nursing Procedure & Medication FlowMedication Administration: Administer antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir, valacyclovir) as prescribed, ideally within 72 hours of rash onset for maximum efficacy. This treats the patient but does not immediately eliminate the need for isolation. Analgesics (e.g., gabapentin for neuropathic pain) are also key. Always perform hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE before preparing and administering medications in the patient's room.
A Word from Your Senior Nurse
"In the real world, infection control is everyone's responsibility. Seeing shingles might make you think 'just gloves and a gown,' but remembering that airborne risk is what protects your immunocompromised patient in the next room, or a pregnant colleague. On the NCLEX, they love to test the 'most important' or 'priority' intervention. Here, the priority is preventing transmission, and that means using the most complete precautions until the science says it's safe to stop—when those lesions are all crusted over. Think like a protector of the entire unit!"
Herpes Zoster — A painful, vesicular rash caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which lies dormant in sensory nerve ganglia after primary chickenpox infection.
Airborne Precautions — Infection control measures for pathogens transmitted via airborne droplet nuclei (small particles) that remain infectious over long distances. Requires a negative pressure room and N95 respirator.
Contact Precautions — Infection control measures for pathogens spread by direct contact with the patient or indirect contact with contaminated items in the patient's environment. Requires gown and gloves.
Varicella-Zoster Virus — The virus that causes both varicella (chickenpox) as the primary infection and herpes zoster (shingles) upon reactivation. It is highly contagious.
Dermatome — An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. Herpes zoster rash typically appears in a unilateral, dermatomal distribution, following the path of the affected nerve.