A nurse is caring for a patient with suspected Ebola virus disease in the isolation unit. Which sequence of personal protective equipment (PPE) removal is most appropriate to prevent contamination?
1Remove gloves first, then gown, followed by eye protection, and finally the respirator
2Remove gown and gloves together, then eye protection, followed by hand hygiene, and finally the respirator.
3Remove respirator first, then eye protection, followed by gown, and finally gloves with immediate hand hygiene.
4Remove gloves first, perform hand hygiene, remove gown, perform hand hygiene again, remove eye protection, perform hand hygiene, and finally remove the respirator.✓ 정답
해설
The correct sequence involves multiple hand hygiene steps between PPE removal to minimize contamination risk, starting with gloves and ending with the respirator.
Core Nursing Explanation
This question tests the critical knowledge of PPE doffing (removal) sequence for high-consequence pathogens like the Ebola virus. The core principle is to remove the most contaminated items first while protecting mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) and performing hand hygiene (HH) at key points to prevent self-contamination.
Key Concept Analysis
For diseases transmitted via contact and droplet routes with high mortality, such as Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), the CDC and WHO recommend a meticulous, stepwise doffing procedure. The goal is to prevent the healthcare worker's skin and mucous membranes from coming into contact with the contaminated outer surfaces of the PPE. Key Point! The respirator (or mask) and eye protection are removed last because they protect the most vulnerable portals of entry.
Answer Rationale
Option ④ is correct because it follows the evidence-based, "clean to dirty" or "outside to inside" principle with integrated hand hygiene.
1. Gloves are removed first because they are considered the most contaminated. Hand hygiene is performed immediately after to clean hands that may have been contaminated during glove removal.
2. The Gown is removed next (pulling it away from the body inside out), as it is heavily contaminated on the outside. Another round of hand hygiene follows.
3. Eye protection (goggles or face shield) is removed by handling only the clean headband or straps. Hand hygiene is performed again.
4. The Respirator (N95) or mask is removed last by touching only the straps, ensuring the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth are protected until all other contaminated PPE is removed and hands are clean. A final hand hygiene is performed.
Distractor AnalysisWatch out for confusion! Option ① is incorrect because it removes eye protection and the respirator before the gown. The outside of the gown could contaminate the face during this process. Option ② is incorrect because removing the gown and gloves together is a high-risk maneuver that can lead to splashing or spreading contamination. Option ③ is the most dangerous sequence; removing the respirator first immediately exposes the nurse's nose and mouth to airborne or surface contaminants before other PPE is removed.
Related Concepts
This procedure is part of Contact and Droplet Precautions, enhanced for special pathogens. The donning sequence is the reverse: perform hand hygiene, then don the gown, respirator, eye protection, and finally gloves. A trained observer should supervise the doffing process for high-risk pathogens.
Concept Summary
• Principle: Remove from most contaminated to least contaminated (Gloves → Gown → Eye Protection → Respirator). Protect mucous membranes until the end.
• Critical Step: Perform Hand Hygiene with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water at multiple points during doffing.
• Purpose: To break the chain of infection and prevent healthcare-associated transmission to staff.
Side-by-Side Comparison!
Precaution Type
Key PPE Components
Critical Doffing Difference
Contact Precautions (e.g., C. diff, MRSA)
Gown, Gloves
Hand hygiene must be performed with soap and water after removing gloves if C. diff is suspected, as alcohol does not kill spores.
Droplet Precautions (e.g., Influenza, COVID-19)
Surgical Mask, Eye Protection, Gown, Gloves
Mask/Respirator and eye protection can be removed before the gown if careful not to touch the front. Hand hygiene remains critical.
Respirator is donned before entering and removed after leaving the room. The sequence for other PPE follows contact/droplet principles.
Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology Points
• Portal of Entry: The rationale for the sequence is based on protecting the body's portals of entry: mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth (protected by goggles and respirator) and non-intact skin (protected by gloves and gown).
• Chain of Infection: Proper doffing breaks the chain at the "Mode of Transmission" (contact) and "Portal of Entry" links.
Memory Tips
• Acronym: "Get Rid Of Germs, Eyes & Mouth Last!" (Gloves Remove, Gown Off, Eye protection, Mask Last). Remember HH between each step.
• Visual Cue: Imagine you are peeling an onion from the dirty outside layers (gloves/gown) to the clean core (your face).
High-Frequency NCLEX Topics
PPE donning/doffing is a High Yield topic. The NCLEX often tests:
1. The correct sequence for specific precautions.
2. When to use soap and water vs. alcohol-based hand rub.
3. Identifying the greatest risk or error in a scenario (e.g., "The nurse removes the mask first. What is the priority action?").
Watch Out for Question Variations!
• Instead of sequence, they may ask: "Which action by the nurse during PPE removal requires immediate intervention by the supervising nurse?" (Answer: Removing the respirator before the gown and gloves).
• They may change the disease: "For a patient with Clostridioides difficile, which modification to the doffing procedure is essential?" (Answer: Perform hand hygiene with soap and water, not alcohol-based rub, after glove removal).Nursing Clinical Practice GuideClinical Scenario
You are the primary nurse for Mr. Jones, a 45-year-old man recently admitted to the Biocontainment Unit with fever, severe diarrhea, and hemorrhage, meeting the case definition for suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). You have just completed providing bedside care.
Nursing Intervention Strategy
1. Assessment & Planning: Before doffing, ensure all necessary waste and specimens are inside the room. Check that a trained observer is present outside the room to guide you through each step verbally.
2. Implementation:
• Step 1: Enter the anteroom. Visually identify a designated "clean" area and a "contaminated" area (often marked by a line on the floor).
• Step 2: Begin doffing in the contaminated area. Remove gloves using the "beak" technique (hooking one gloved finger under the cuff of the other glove). Perform hand hygiene.
• Step 3: Unfasten the gown ties. Peel the gown down and away from your shoulders, turning it inside out as you roll it into a bundle. Dispose of it in the designated biohazard bin. Perform hand hygiene.
• Step 4: Remove eye protection by handling the clean headband or strap. Perform hand hygiene.
• Step 5: Move to the designated "clean" area. Remove the respirator by leaning forward, touching only the straps, and lifting it off. Dispose of it. Perform a final, thorough hand hygiene.
3. Evaluation & Patient Safety: The observer confirms no breaches in technique. You immediately self-monitor for any symptoms. All contaminated PPE is treated as regulated medical waste.
Patient Safety and Precautions
• Key Point! Never touch your face, hair, or personal clothing during the doffing process.
• If a breach occurs (e.g., you touch your scrubs with a contaminated glove), stop immediately. The observer will guide you through decontamination steps, which may include showering and changing scrubs.
• For EVD, double gloving and waterproof apron over the gown may be used. The doffing sequence is adapted to include these additional layers.
Nursing Procedure & Medication FlowPPE Doffing Procedure for High-Consequence Pathogens
1. Preparation: Have a biohazard waste container, hand hygiene supplies, and a mirror (for self-check) ready in the anteroom.
2. Step-by-Step with Rationale:
Action
Rationale
1. Remove outer gloves (if double-gloved).
Outermost layer is most contaminated.
2. Perform Hand Hygiene (HH).
Cleans hands contaminated during glove removal.
3. Remove Gown (and apron if worn).
Prevents contamination of face and neck during later steps.
4. Perform HH.
Hands may have touched the outside of the gown.
5. Remove Eye Protection.
Protected the eyes from splashes. Handle by clean parts only.
6. Perform HH.
Ensures clean hands for the final, most critical step.
7. Remove Respirator/Mask.
Protects the respiratory tract until all other contaminated items are removed.
8. Perform Final HH.
Completes the process of making hands clean.
A Word from Your Senior Nurse
"In the heat of a busy shift, it's tempting to rip off your PPE quickly. Don't. This is where discipline saves lives—yours, your colleagues', and your future patients'. I've seen near-misses when someone rushed. Treat every patient in isolation as if they have the most contagious disease. That mindset of meticulous, slow, and deliberate action is what makes infection control work. For the NCLEX, they are testing your judgment and your commitment to safety. Knowing the why behind the sequence—to protect your face until the end—will help you choose correctly every time, on the test and at the bedside."
Personal Protective Equipment — Specialized clothing or equipment worn by healthcare workers for protection against infectious materials. Includes gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, and eye protection.
Hand Hygiene — A key infection control practice involving washing hands with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand rub to reduce the number of microorganisms.
Doffing — The careful process of removing PPE in a manner that prevents self-contamination or contamination of the environment.
Contact Precautions — Infection control measures used for patients known or suspected to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by direct or indirect contact with the patient or the patient's environment.
N95 Respirator — A personal protective device that filters at least 95% of airborne particles. It must be fit-tested to form a tight seal around the nose and mouth.