A nurse is assessing a 4-month-old infant for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Which assessment finding would be the most significant indicator of DDH in this infant?
1Asymmetrical gluteal folds and limited hip abduction on the affected side✓ 정답
2Positive Babinski reflex and increased muscle tone in lower extremities
3Delayed gross motor development and inability to roll over
4Presence of Moro reflex and symmetrical primitive reflexes
해설
Asymmetrical gluteal folds and limited hip abduction are classic signs of DDH in infants, indicating hip instability. Other options are normal developmental reflexes or non-specific findings not directly indicative of DDH.
Core Nursing ExplanationKey Concept Analysis: This question assesses your ability to identify the specific, classic physical findings of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) in an infant. DDH is a condition where the hip joint is improperly formed; the femoral head may be dislocated or dislocatable from the acetabulum. The assessment focuses on detecting this instability or malposition.
Answer Rationale: Key Point! The most significant and direct physical indicators of DDH in a 4-month-old are asymmetrical gluteal (thigh) folds and limited hip abduction on the suspected side. Asymmetry in skin folds suggests a difference in leg length or positioning due to the hip dislocation. Limited abduction occurs because the dislocated femoral head blocks the normal range of motion when the hip is flexed and gently abducted. These are objective findings from a targeted hip examination, making them highly significant for DDH.
Distractor Analysis:
Watch out for confusion! Option ② describes a Positive Babinski reflex and increased tone. A Babinski reflex (toes fanning upward when the sole is stroked) is normal in infants under 1-2 years. Increased tone is associated with neurological conditions like cerebral palsy, not DDH.
Option ③ mentions delayed gross motor development. While severe, bilateral DDH *can* cause delays (e.g., late walking), a 4-month-old not rolling over is often within normal variation and is a non-specific finding not diagnostic for DDH.
Option ④ lists the presence of the Moro reflex and symmetrical primitive reflexes. These are expected, normal findings in a healthy 4-month-old infant and indicate normal neurological development, not musculoskeletal pathology.
Related Concepts: Other classic signs of DDH include Ortolani maneuver (a "clunk" felt when reducing a dislocated hip) and Barlow maneuver (dislocating an unstable hip). These are best performed on newborns by experienced clinicians. The Galeazzi sign (apparent shortening of the femur when hips and knees are flexed) is another indicator in older infants.
Concept Summary
• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH): Spectrum of hip instability, subluxation, or dislocation.
• Key Assessment Findings: Asymmetrical gluteal/thigh folds, limited hip abduction, positive Ortolani/Barlow maneuvers (in newborns), leg length discrepancy.
• Nursing Role: Perform routine newborn/infant assessments, recognize signs, educate parents on proper swaddling (hips flexed and abducted), and ensure follow-up for treatment (e.g., Pavlik harness).
Side-by-Side Comparison!
Assessment Finding
Indicates
Not Indicative of DDH
Asymmetrical gluteal folds, Limited hip abduction
Classic signs of DDH
—
Positive Ortolani/Barlow "clunk"
Hip instability in a newborn
—
Positive Babinski reflex
Normal neurological development in infants
DDH (it's a neurological sign)
Presence of Moro reflex
Normal primitive reflex (integrates by 4-6 months)
DDH
Delayed rolling over at 4 months
Possible gross motor delay (broad differential)
Specific to DDH
Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology Points
• Anatomy: The hip is a ball-and-socket joint. In DDH, the "ball" (femoral head) is not stable within the "socket" (acetabulum).
• Pathophysiology: Ligamentous laxity, breech positioning, and genetic factors can contribute. Left hip is more commonly affected.
• Treatment Principle: Goal is to achieve and maintain a reduced hip to allow for normal development. The Pavlik harness is a common device that holds the hips in flexion and abduction (the "human position").
Memory Tips
• ABCD for DDH Assessment: Asymmetry (folds), Blocked abduction, Clunk (Ortolani/Barlow), Difference in leg length.
• Think: "Hip problems show in the HIP": Hip abduction limited, Imbalanced folds, Positional asymmetry.
High-Frequency NCLEX Topics
DDH is a classic pediatric musculoskeletal topic. The NCLEX loves to test:
1. Identifying the specific assessment findings (as in this question).
2. Parent education for a child in a Pavlik harness (skin care, never adjust straps, wear over a onesie).
3. Understanding that treatment is most effective when started early (in infancy).
Watch Out for Question Variations!
• Instead of "most significant indicator," they might ask: "The nurse is teaching a new parent about the Pavlik harness. Which statement by the parent indicates understanding?" (Correct answer would be about not adjusting the straps and checking skin).
• They could present a scenario with a positive Barlow maneuver in a newborn and ask for the priority nursing action (e.g., document the finding and notify the provider for referral to orthopedics).
• A question might focus on risk factors: "Which infant is at highest risk for DDH?" (Answer: First-born female, breech presentation, family history).
Nursing Clinical Practice GuideClinical Scenario: You are a nurse in a pediatric clinic. During a 4-month well-child visit, you undress the infant for a physical exam. As you lay the baby on the exam table, you note one leg seems slightly shorter, and the skin folds on the back of the thighs do not line up. When you gently flex the hips and knees to 90 degrees and attempt to abduct the legs, you feel resistance and limited movement on the left side compared to the right.
Nursing Intervention Strategy:
1AssessmentPerform a systematic assessment. Document the exact findings: "Asymmetrical gluteal folds noted, left higher than right. Limited passive abduction of left hip to approximately 45 degrees (right hip abducts to 80 degrees). No click or clunk appreciated with Ortolani/Barlow maneuvers at this visit." Measure and document apparent leg length discrepancy.
2Communication & PlanningCalmly explain your findings to the parents without causing undue alarm. State that you need to discuss this with the pediatrician or pediatric orthopedist. The provider will likely order a hip ultrasound (gold standard for infants under 6 months) to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity.
3Implementation & EducationIf DDH is confirmed and a Pavlik harness is prescribed:
• Demonstrate how to apply and remove the harness (usually only for bathing).
• Critical Safety Point: Emphasize that parents must never adjust the straps themselves; only the orthotist or specialist should make adjustments.
• Teach skin care: Check under straps at least twice daily for redness or breakdown. Dress the infant in a snug onesie under the harness to protect the skin.
• Reassure parents that the harness is not painful and that consistent wear is crucial for the hip to develop normally.
4EvaluationFollow-up appointments will assess skin integrity, harness fit, and hip development via ultrasound. Evaluate parental understanding and adherence to the treatment plan.
Patient Safety and Precautions: Improper use of the Pavlik harness can cause complications like Femoral nerve palsy or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This is why strap adjustment by untrained individuals is contraindicated. Always monitor for signs of impaired circulation or nerve function (e.g., cool, pale toes; decreased movement of the foot).
Nursing Procedure & Medication FlowProcedure: Performing a Hip Assessment for DDH
1. Ensure a warm, comfortable environment. Explain steps to parent.
2. Place infant supine on a firm surface.
3InspectLook for asymmetrical thigh/gluteal folds and apparent leg length difference.
4PalpateFeel for the femoral head in the groin (may be absent on dislocated side).
5Move (Abduction Test)Flex hips and knees to 90 degrees. Gently abduct both hips simultaneously. Normally, each hip should abduct to at least 60-70 degrees and be symmetrical. Limitation or asymmetry is a red flag.
6. (For newborns, a trained provider may perform Ortolani/Barlow maneuvers).
7. Document all findings objectively and report abnormalities.
A Word from Your Senior Nurse
"Spotting DDH early is a perfect example of how a nurse's sharp assessment skills can change a child's life trajectory. Catching it in infancy means treatment with a simple harness; missing it can lead to major surgery, limping, and early arthritis later in life. When you do those well-child checks, don't just go through the motions. Really look, really compare sides. That moment of noticing a little asymmetry is where your knowledge becomes powerful patient advocacy. On the NCLEX, they're testing if you know what to look for. In real life, you're the one doing the looking. Be thorough!"
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip — A spectrum of disorders where the hip joint is improperly formed, ranging from instability to complete dislocation.
Ortolani Maneuver — A test performed on infants to reduce a dislocated hip; a "clunk" is felt as the femoral head re-enters the acetabulum.
Barlow Maneuver — A provocative test to dislocate an unstable hip; a "clunk" is felt as the femoral head exits the acetabulum.
Pavlik Harness — A dynamic flexion-abduction orthosis used as the primary treatment for DDH in infants, holding the hips in a stable, reduced position.
Limited Hip Abduction — A key physical sign of DDH where the affected hip cannot be moved outward (abducted) to the normal range when flexed, due to mechanical blockage.